Antioxidant Enzyme Activity and Lipid Peroxidation in Aporrectodea caliginosa Earthworms Exposed to Silver Nanoparticles and Silver Nitrate in Spiked Soil

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from industrial use, discharged via the land application of sewage sludge, are interacting with soil biota, including earthworms. In affected organisms, excessive production of reactive oxygen species can result in lipid peroxidation, shifting the balance between oxidants and antioxidants to cause oxidative stress. We determined selected lower‐tier biomarkers such as antioxidant responses and lipid peroxidation in Aporrectodea caliginosa earthworms exposed to soils spiked with AgNPs or silver nitrate (AgNO3). Aporrectodea caliginosa were exposed to AgNPs at 0 (control), 0.3, 3, 30, and 300 mg/kg or Ag+ (as AgNO3) at 0, 0.03, 0.3, 3, and 10 mg/kg in soil for 4 wk. At 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk, the activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S‐transferase, as well as lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde content), increased as a function of concentration, with a much larger response for Ag+ than AgNPs. Given the likelihood of ever‐increasing AgNP concentrations in soil, where AgNPs can transform to ionic Ag (Ag+), our findings of antioxidant response to oxidative stress in a common indicator organism even at an environmentally realistic exposure concentration of 0.03 mg/kg demonstrate that AgNPs may affect soil fertility and, thus, agricultural production. Evaluating selected lower‐tier biomarkers offers a meaningful assessment of AgNPs and Ag+ effects on terrestrial earthworms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1257–1266. © 2020 SETAC

Low Doses of Silver Nanoparticles Selectively Induce Lipid Peroxidation and Proteotoxic Stress in Mesenchymal Subtypes of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

“…Exposure to AgNPs may cause lipid peroxidation in certain cell lines or organisms [30][31][32]. Multiple studies indicate various cancers with an EMT phenotype are vulnerable to agents that induce lipid peroxidation [14,15], but differences in the sensitivity of CLBC and BLBC cells to lipid peroxidation have not been assessed.…”

“…We and others found that certain breast cancer cell lines are more sensitive to silver nanoparticle (AgNP) exposure than non-malignant mammary epithelial cells [23][24][25][26]. Notably, AgNP exposure increases protein oxidation and proteotoxic stress [23][24][25][27][28][29] and may cause lipid peroxidation in certain cells and organisms [30][31][32]. However, there is considerable heterogeneity in the relative sensitivity of various cancers to AgNP exposure [23][24][25]27,29,33,34], and it is not known if cancers with an EMT phenotype are more susceptible than other cancers or normal cells to proteotoxic stress or lipid peroxidation caused by exposure to AgNPs.…”

Changes of pro- and antioxidant indicators in experimental animals under acute small bowel obstructions

“…With the development of ASBO, there is an increase in intra-abdominal pressure, which leads to the development of ischemic-reperfusion syndrome; there is an increase in reactive oxygen species and damage to cell membranes, which ultimately leads to necrosis. Activation of lipid peroxidation processes leads to an imbalance in the APS, which exacerbates the development of endogenous intoxication and enteral insufficiency syndromes [ 6 – 7 ]. Increasing the production of free radicals reduces the protective properties of the intestinal mucosa and facilitates bacterial translocation, naturally increasing the risk of failure of intestinal anastomoses.…”

“…According to some studies, surgery increases the intensity of LPO, which promotes the entry into the bloodstream of unoxidized breakdown products [ 11 ]. However, the status and activity of APS blood do not always objectively reflect changes in organs and systems.…”

Nanomaterials and Annelid Immunity: A Comparative Survey to Reveal the Common Stress and Defense Responses of Two Sentinel Species to Nanomaterials in the Environment

“…In the course of in vivo earthworm studies assessing different endpoints (e.g., survival, reproduction, bioaccumulation, apoptosis, and mortality) AgNPs exerted harmful effects at the individual level. The majority of the current studies ( Table 1 ) have applied Eisenia fetida ( Oligochaeta , Lumbricidae ) as a model organism [ 35 , 36 ] to monitor the AgNPs’ deleterious consequences; however, several studies also exist that applied other earthworm species [ 14 , 17 , 23 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 37 , 38 ]. The same amount of coated AgNPs (with either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or oleic acids) or ionic silver caused no remarkable impacts on mortality and growth in E. fetida exposed in soil.…”