Antioxidant Effects of Chalcones during the Inflammatory Response: An Overall Review

Abstract

: Reactive oxygen/nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are produced physiologically by several mechanisms, especially during the inflammatory response. However, their overproduction can lead to the evolution of conditions known as oxidative/nitrosative stress, resulting in the establishment of chronic inflammatory diseases. Chalcones are considered as a class of flavonoids having the molecular pattern 1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-one. In the last few years, the antioxidant property of chalcones has been extensively studied, mainly due to their ability to inhibit the production or scavenging ROS/RNS. The present review demonstrated and discussed the antioxidant activity of chalcones, focusing on the production of ROS/RNS during the inflammatory response. This literature revision was based on the modulatory effects of chalcones against different enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, catalase (CAT), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and, in the scavenging of ROS/RNS. Whenever possible, the structure-activity relationship (SAR) was established. Through the analysis accomplished in this review, it can be observed that the presence of substituents, e.g., hydroxyl, methoxyl, prenyl, and halogen atoms in the chalcones scaffold, often occurs and can improve their modulatory activities, namely, in the production of ROS/RNS during the inflammatory response.

Angelica keiskei Impacts the Lifespan and Healthspan of Drosophila melanogaster in a Sex and Strain-Dependent Manner

“…[2,[10][11][12][13][14]. They have also been identified as potent antioxidants, due to their superoxidescavenging activity [15,16].…”

“…Chalcones are recognized for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antitumor, antidiabetic, and anti-inflammatory properties, mediated by their action on nitric oxide regulation and macrophage stimulation [ 2 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. They have also been identified as potent antioxidants, due to their superoxide-scavenging activity [ 15 , 16 ].…”

The effects of flavonoids in experimental sepsis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

“…This group of flavonoids has a chemical structure characterized by the absence of the C ring, characteristic of the basic structure of flavonoids (Panche et al, 2016) (Figure 2). In addition, they have multiple bioactive properties (Zhuang et al, 2017) including anti‐inflammatory (Ur Rashid et al, 2019), antimicrobial (Ušjak et al, 2019), and antioxidant actions (Martins et al, 2021).…”

Total synthesis of 2′,4′,6′‐trimethoxy‐3′,5′‐dimethylchalcone derivatives

“…They are known for their bioactivities such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antidiabetic and have many medicinal uses. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10] In particular, 2 0 ,4 0dihydroxy-6 0 -methoxy-3 0 ,5 0 -dimethylchalcone (DMC, 1), a naturally occurring chalcone compound with a B-ring structure in which five substituents are complexly bonded (Figure 1), [11][12][13] has been reported to exhibit various effects such as anticancer, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects. [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Recently, it was reported to have antidiabetic effects by increasing the fatty acid oxidation ratio in C2C12 myotubes and skeletal muscle, along with significantly lowering blood sugar levels.…”

“…A variety of chalcone compounds, bicyclic flavonoids constructed of two substituted benzene rings connected by an α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl bridge have been extracted from natural plants. They are known for their bioactivities such as anticancer, anti‐inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antidiabetic and have many medicinal uses 1–10 . In particular, 2′,4′‐dihydroxy‐6′‐methoxy‐3′,5′‐dimethylchalcone (DMC, 1 ), a naturally occurring chalcone compound with a B‐ring structure in which five substituents are complexly bonded (Figure 1), 11–13 has been reported to exhibit various effects such as anticancer, antioxidative, and anti‐inflammatory effects 14–21 .…”