Antioxidant Capacity of Tomato Seed Oil in Solution and Its Redox Properties in Cultured Macrophages

Abstract

The health benefits of tomato seed oil (TSO) have been suggested to be related to its antioxidant activity, although at the moment not much information is available on the antioxidant effects of TSO in biological systems. In this paper, we evaluated the antioxidant capacity of TSO using different spectrophotometrical antioxidant assays (LPSC, FRAP, αTEAC, DPPH). Moreover, we determined the ability of TSO in inhibiting oxidative stress in human cultured macrophages. The peroxyl radical scavenging LPSC assay was the most sensitive assay to detect the antioxidant capacity of the TSO, followed by the DPPH, FRAP, and αTEAC assay. TSO was able to counteract spontaneous and H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress in human macrophages, limiting intracellular ROS production and controlling oxidative stress signaling. In particular, TSO was able to decrease the phosphorylation of the MAPK ERK1/2, JNK, and p-38, activation of the redox-sensitive NF-kB, and expression of the heat shock proteins 70 and 90. When the antioxidant capacity of TSO was compared with that of purified lycopene, inhibition of ROS production by TSO was remarkably higher. This was due to the high content of other antioxidants in TSO, including (5Z)-, (9Z)-, (13Z)-, and (15Z)-lycopene isomers, β-carotene, lutein, γ-tocopherol, and α-tocopherol.

Biorefinery cascade processing for creating added value on tomato industrial by-products from Tunisia

“…1c). As a result, the β-carotene content in TSO was about 19.97 ± 1.80 mg/kg TSO which is comparable with the value reported by Müller et al [12]. Indeed, among the few studies interested in the content of carotenoids in TS and TSO, Müller et al [12] found that TSO contained 95.60 ± 3.60 mg lycopene/kg and 16.60 ± 0.40 mg β-carotene/kg TSO.…”

“…Indeed, tomato peels were reported to contain, on dry basis, 14–20% protein [6, 7], 40–74% lignocellulosic material [6–8], and 3–5% oleoresin, being the oil fraction from tomato peels [9, 10]. Besides, tomato seeds were shown to contain 20–40% protein [11, 12], 35–50% lignocellulosic material [7, 13], and 18–37% oil [14, 15]. Nevertheless, currently, valorization of tomato peels has attracted little interest, since they are mostly considered for the extraction of carotenoids, especially lycopene [6], while tomato seeds have attracted very limited attention so far.…”

Selective Mono-Ozonolysis of a Cyclic 1,5,9-Cyclododecatrien

“…The unstable aldehydes had coupled without purification in a Wittig reaction with pentyltri-phenylphosphonium bromide to obtain (5Z,9Z,13Z)-octadeca-5,9,13-triene (6) in 88% yield (Fig. 5) [10,15].…”

“…A stirred solution of Trans, Cis, Cis-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene (2 gm, 12.3 mmol) in 50% (DCM/methanol) (100 mL) in a three-neck round bottom flask was fitted with three glass tubes to admit ozone, digital thermometer and condenser [10,15,17]. The flask was cooled down to (-62 °C to -48 °C) (liquid nitrogen/IMS).…”

“…A solution of (4Z,8Z)-12,12-dimethoxydodeca-4,8-dien-1-yl 4-methylbenzenesulfonate (0.5 gm, 1.26 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (5 mL) was added dropwise to a suspension solution of Lithium Aluminium hydride (0.3 gm, 7.9 mmol) in tetrahydrofuran (10 mL) at 0 °C [10,15,18]. The reaction mixture was stirred 16 hours and was worked up as above to give (4Z,8Z)-1,1-dimethoxydodeca-4,8-diene (0.25 gm, 89%) (Fig.…”