Antioxidant, antimicrobial, and GC-MS profiling of Saussurea obvallata (Brahma Kamal) from Uttarakhand Himalaya

Abstract

Background: Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew. (S. obvallata) is an endangered medicinal herb of the high altitude Himalayan region with immense cultural significance. This study is one of the first report of pharmacological evaluation and GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of S. obvallata.Methods: Total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) were performed according to standard protocols. The antioxidant activities of both the extracts (methanol and aqueous) were examined using two complementary methods, namely diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) assay. While, antimicrobial potential examined by using classical assays on pathogenic microbial strains along with appropriate controls of antimicrobial agents. Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric analyses of methanolic extracts of S. obvallata were performed for the identification of bioactive components. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 16.0. Results: The extracts of leaves and flowers of S. obvallata showed significant results for all pharmacological experiments. TPC was recorded from a range of 132.67 ± 0.17 to 358.67 ± 0.17 mg GAE gm − 1 dw while TFC was recorded from a range of 65.73 ± 1.55 to 326.88 ± 2.11 mg QE gm − 1 dw. Per cent DPPH free radical scavenging activity was recorded from a range of 29.25 ± 0.86 to 82.88 ± 0.48% whereas per cent H 2 O 2 free radical scavenging activity were recorded from a range of 39.75 ± 0.36 to 41.05 ± 0.46%. Antimicrobial activity was analyzed against four bacterial strains and three fungal strains. S. obvallata extracts showed fine zone of inhibition against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, but Escherichia coli showed resistant (in terms of lower zone) against the extract compared to three bacteria. In antifungal activity, extract showed maximum zone of inhibition against Candida glabrata followed by Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis. GC-MS analysis of methanolic extracts of leaves and flowers of S. obvallata showed the presence of 36 and 48 components, respectively, based on retention time (Rt), and area per cent.Conclusion: These findings confirm the traditional claims and contribute in providing promising baseline information for the pharmacological use of S. obvallata. Additional highly developed research is essential for isolation and identification of specific active components which are responsible for pharmacological properties of the plant.

Nephroprotective Effect of Pleurotus ostreatus and Agaricus bisporus Extracts and Carvedilol on Ethylene Glycol-Induced Urolithiasis: Roles of NF-κB, p53, Bcl-2, Bax and Bak

“…Most of these compounds were proven, by many publications, to have biological activities, e.g., antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant [ 64 , 65 , 66 ]. Moreover, many of the major compounds and chemical groups, detected in P. ostreatus aqueous extract by GC-MS, have been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; these include (S)-(+)-isoleucinol [ 67 ], N-hydroxy-N-methyl-methanamine [ 66 ], phenylethanal [ 68 , 69 ] and 2-pyrrolidinone [ 70 , 71 ]. On the other hand, GC-MS of A. bisporus extract revealed the presence of multiple antioxidant and anti-inflammatory abundant constituents and chemical groups including N-methoxy-methanamine, [ 66 ], 2-pyrrolidinone [ 70 , 71 ] and fumaric acid, 2-heptyl octyl ester [ 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 ].…”

Phytochemical Characterization and Assessment of Crude Extracts From Lantana camara L. for Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity

“…GC-MS analysis of LE and FE mixture, component identification, and function prediction were performed according to Semwal and Painuli (2019). There were 65 peaks identified based on a separation of individual peaks, retention time, and percent area under the individual peak (Supplementary Table 2).…”

“…Few components reported in this study have already been reported as responsible for many biological activities in other plants. Additionally, various other usage of these components are known in fragrance and perfume industry, flavor, and pesticides (Raman et al, 2012;Swamy and Sinniah, 2015;Semwal and Painuli, 2019).…”

Assesment of non-timber Brahma Kamal (Saussurea obvallata (DC.) Edgew.), an important Himalayan medicinal plant: Ethnomedicinal, phytochemical and pharmacological overview

“…The taxonomic hierarchy of S. obvallata are presented in Table 1. (Amano & Ohba 2000, Ghosh 2017, Semwal et al 2019, von Raab-Straube 2013. Flowering and fruiting: July-September and August-October (Fujikawa 2010, Semwal et al 2019, von Raab-Straube 2017.…”