Antioxidant, Antidiabetic, Analgesic, and Antibacterial Properties of Chrysopogon zizanioides Leaf Extract: An In Vivo, In Vitro, and In Silico Evaluation

Abstract

Chrysopogon zizanioides, commonly known as vetiver, has long been utilized in traditional medicine for its therapeutic properties. This study investigated Chrysopogon zizanioides leaf extract's antioxidant, antibacterial, analgesic, and antidiabetic properties. A diclofenac sodium standard and control group were used to compare the extract's analgesic impact in an animal model. The extract was 66.08% analgesic, whereas diclofenac sodium was 91.11%. Antibacterial activity was assessed against various bacterial pathogens, showing strong inhibition of gram-positive bacteria, particularly Staphylococcus aureus, with an inhibition zone of 30 ± 4.39 mm. The extract also demonstrated notable activity against gram-negative bacteria, with Escherichia coli exhibiting the highest inhibition of 22 ± 1.93 mm. Antioxidant activity was measured using DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging assays. The extract had an IC50 of 257.23 µg/ml, whereas ascorbic acid had an IC50 of 7.8 µg/ml. Moreover, GC-MS analysis identified 63 phytoconstituents and the antidiabetic activity showed as in silico model where in molecular docking 9,19-Cyclolanostan-3-ol acetate (3.beta.) showing the highest binding scores with proteins such as 5NN5 (-9.6820 kcal/mol) and 4GQR (-10.2851 kcal/mol). Additionally, Phytol demonstrated a Glide docking value of -9.1677 kcal/mol with protein 5F19. ADMET analysis showed the extract's non-carcinogenicity and good absorption, whereas PASS predictions and drug-likeness data suggested significant oral bioavailability, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. These findings highlight the therapeutic potential of Chrysopogon zizanioides leaf extract as a natural pharmacological agent. Further research, including clinical trials and isolation of active compounds, is needed to fully understand its mechanisms and confirm its efficacy and safety for human use.