Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Properties of an Aqueous Extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson Fruit Pericarps

Abstract

Background: Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is the major cause for hyperpigmentation, and to prevent this natural products are increasingly being explored as potential skin whitening agents. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity, anti-tyrosinase activity and the inhibition of melanin content in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells of an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis Griff. ex. T. Anderson fruit pericarps. Methods: The aqueous extract was prepared by extraction with distilled water at 105 o C for 60 min. Total phenolic and flavonoid content were determined using the Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminium chloride methods, respectively. Scavenging activity was assessed using 2,2-Diphennyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-Azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS). Tyrosinase activity and melanin content were determined spectrophotometrically. Results: The results showed that the aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps had a phenolic (26.33 ± 0.77 mg GAE/g plant extract) and flavonoid content (9.31 ± 0.40 mg QE/g plant extract). The aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity (IC 50 of 40.72 ± 1.83 µg/mL) and cellular tyrosinase activity (at a concentration of 125 µg/mL) in α-melanocyte stimulating hormone-induced B16F10 melanoma cells. The Garcinia atroviridis extract also suppressed melanin content at concentrations of 31.25-125 µg/mL. Correlations of mushroom tyrosinase inhibition with DPPH and ABTS scavenging activities were 0.8673 and 0.9468, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings show that an aqueous extract of Garcinia atroviridis fruit pericarps is a source of natural compounds and antioxidant capacity which can inhibit tyrosinase activity and melanin content. Thus, aqueous extracts of Garcinia atroviridis may be a potential source of skin whitening agents for hyperpigmentation.

Pharmacological Properties and Chemical Profiles of Passiflora foetida L. Extracts: Novel Insights for Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals

“…In fact, a high correlation was obtained between mushroom tyrosinase inhibition and ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activity in previous reports suggesting that free radical scavenging activity enhanced the inhibition of mushroom tyrosinase activity [50]. Hence, the relatively good anti-tyrosinase activity of the extracts reported in the present work also could be ascribed to their respective antioxidant potency.…”

Metabolomic Profile and Antioxidant/Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Industrial Hemp Water Extract in Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes and Isolated Mouse Skin Specimens

“…Plant secondary metabolites, including phenols and terpenophenols, have been reported to exert antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects [ 47 , 48 ]. High correlation also exists between radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition [ 49 ]. However, docking studies suggest selective inhibitory effects induced by plant secondary metabolites on both tyrosinase [ 50 ] and IDO-1 [ 51 ].…”

Comparative Investigation of Composition, Antifungal, and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of the Essential Oil from Three Industrial Hemp Varieties from Italian Cultivation

“…Eletta campana was the most active as enzyme inhibitory agent ( Table 5 ), and this could be related, albeit partially, to its higher scavenging/reducing activity ( Table 6 ) [ 25 ]. Plant secondary metabolites have been reported to exert antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects, and high correlation also exists between radical scavenging and enzyme inhibition [ 29 ]. Overall, the antidermatophytes and antityrosinase effects induced by hemp EOs suggest protective effects against skin inflammatory disorders that have been partly explored through an ex vivo approach.…”