Antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of essential oils from two salvia species with in vitro and in silico analysis targeting 1AJ6 and 1R4U proteins

Abstract

The Middle Atlas is a Moroccan territory that serves as an abode to plants with incredible biodiversity, of which aromatic and medicinal plants that have been of folkloric use are a significant component. However, their effective utilization in modern medicine requires the characterization of their phytochemicals to facilitate their entry into drug discovery pipelines. Hence, this study aimed to characterize and investigate the antioxidant activity and antimicrobial effects of the essential oils (EOs) of Salvia lavandulifolia subsp. mesatlantica and Salvia officinalis L. by use of in vitro and in silico assays. Ten phytochemicals were identified in the EOs of S. lavandulifolia, while twenty phytochemicals were identified in S. officinalis. Camphor was the most abundant compound in both species, comprising 26.70% and 39.24% of the EOs of S. lavandulifolia and S. officinalis, respectively. The EOs of both plants exhibited significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity, with S. lavandulifolia and S. officinalis showing estimated scavenging rates of 92.97% and 75.20%, respectively. In terms of Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), S. officinalis demonstrated a higher value (72.08%) compared to that of S. lavandulifolia (64.61%). Evaluation of the antimicrobial effects of the EOs of S. officinalis and S. lavandulifolia against microorganisms revealed bactericidal activities against Proteus mirabilis and Bacillus subtilis at low concentrations. It showed bactericidal activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans at a relatively higher concentration. Molecular docking of antioxidant and antimicrobial proteins offers significant insights into ligand–protein interactions, facilitating the development of innovative therapeutics from the current study. Ultimately, this study identified the phytochemical composition of S. lavandulifolia and S. officinalis and highlighted their potential for therapeutic discovery.

The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic effects of the polyphenolic extract from Salvia blancoana subsp. mesatlantica on induced diabetes in rats

“…pointing out that a significant amount of eucalyptol can be found in S. blancoana subsp. Mesatlantica ’s essential oil (Maache et al 2023 ).…”

Bio-functional properties and phytochemical composition of selected Apis mellifera honey from Africa

“…However, future studies on their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are required. Other minor volatile compounds detected in some of tested African honeys such as α-pinene and d -limonene [ 45 ], camphor [ 46 ], eucalyptol [ 47 , 48 ] and camphene [ 49 ] have been demonstrated to have antioxidant and/or antimicrobial activities (Table S5). It is worth noting that there was not enough Mbechot, Kituti, and Kaptombe honeys to run this GC-MS analysis.…”

Sage (Salvia officinalis), Known as "Maramia" in Arabic Culture: An Overview and Herbal Monograph

“…Moreover, sage has shown promising antimicrobial activity against a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms, suggesting its potential application in the treatment of infectious diseases. [29,30] Additionally, the anti-inflammatory properties of sage have been attributed to its ability to inhibit inflammatory mediators and enzymes, thereby mitigating inflammation-related disorders. Sage leaves are recommended for relieving inflammation and infection of both the mouth and the throat, such as gingivitis and sore throats.…”

“…For instance, sage has been found to inhibit the cytochrome P450 enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP2D6, which are responsible for the metabolism of numerous drugs. [30,46] This inhibition can lead to altered drug concentrations in the body, potentially resulting in either reduced efficacy or increased toxicity of co-administered medications. [18] Sage is also known as an aromatic plant, which means it contains a significant amount of essential oil (0.7-5.2%).…”