Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity of Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans)

Gupta, Ashish Deep; Rajpurohit, Deepak

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375688-6.10098-2

Cited by 38 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Antioksidan merupakan zat yang mampu menghambat/menunda oksidasi suatu molekul dengan cara mengakhiri reaksi berantai, inisiasi dan propagasi (Molyneux 2004). Gupta (2011) menyebutkan bahwa berbagai macam penyakit di dalam tubuh manusia disebabkan oleh radikal bebas atau spesi oksigen reaktif yang menyebabkan degradasi oksidatif (Shimamura et al 2014). Radikal bebas mampu bereaksi dengan lipid, protein, dan asam nukleat yang pada akhirnya dapat menyebabkan kanker, sehingga dibutuhkan antioksidan untuk menetralisir radikal bebas beserta spesi oksigen reaktif tersebut (Tsai et al 2011).…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Antioksidan Minyak Atsiri Daun Asam Jungga (Citrus jambhiri Lush)

Sembiring

2018

Chim. Nat. Acta

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Abstrak: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis senyawa kimia yang terdapat pada minyak atsiri daun asam jungga (Citrus jambhiri Lush) serta menguji aktivitas antioksidan dan antibekteriminyak atsiri tersebut. Minyak atsiri daun asam jungga diisolasi dengan metode hidrodestilasi menggunakan alat Stahl. Minyak atsiri diperoleh sebanyak 3,6 g (0,8%) dari 450 g serbuk kering daun asam jungga. Berdasarkan analisis spektroskopi GC-MS yang dilakukan minyak atsiri daun asam jungga memiliki sepuluh senyawa kimia, namun sebanyak sembilan senyawa yang dapat diinterpretasi. Kesembilan senyawa kimia tersebut adalah γ-terpinen (36,67%), toluena (18,15%), β-osimen (9,35%), 1-metil-2-(1-metiletil)-benzena (8,85%), limonen (8,78%), β-pinen (7,80%), germasren (6,39%). α-thujen (1,69%) dan 2,3,5-trimetil-1,3,6-heptatriena (1,41%).Aktivitas antioksidan minyak atsiri daun asam jungga diuji berdasarkan metode penangkapan radikal bebas DPPH (2,2diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) dan aktivitas antibakteri diuji berdasarkan metode difusi kertas cakram. Minyak atsiri daun asam jungga memiliki aktivitas antioksidan dengan nilai IC 50 sebesar 52,14 µg/mL sedangkan asam askorbat sebagai control positif memiliki nilai IC 50 sebesar 12.08 µg/mL dan aktivitas antibakteri dengan kategori sedang terhadap bakteri Bacillus cereus dan Eschercia coli pada konsentrasi 40% (v/v) dengan zona bening masing-masing sebesar 14,7 dan 14,4 mm.Kata kunci: Citrus jambhiri Lush, minyak atsiri, DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), difusi, hidrodestilasi Abstract: This study aims to analyze the chemical compounds found in the essential oil of asam jungga leaves (Citrus jambhiri Lush) as well as to test the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of the essential oil. The essential oil of asam jungga leaves was isolated by hydrodestilation method using Stahl tool. Essential oil obtained as much as 3.6 g (0.8%) of 450 g of fresh asam jungga leaves. Based on GC-MS analysis essential oil of asam jungga leaves had ten chemical compounds, but as many as nine compounds that can be interpreted. The nine chemical compounds are γ-terpenen (36.67%), toluene (18.15%), β-osimen (9.35%), 1-methyl-2- (1methylethyl) -benzene (8.85 %), limonene (8.78%), β-pinen (7.80%), germasren (6.39%). α-thujen (1.69%) and 2,3,5-trimethyl-1,3,6-heptatriene (1.41%). The antioxidant activity of essential oils of asam jungga leaves was tested based on free radical scavenger DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method and antibacterial activity was tested by disc-paper diffusion method. The essential oil of asam jungga leaves had antioxidant activity with IC 50 value of 52.14 µg/mL whereas ascorbic acid as positive control had IC 50 value of 12.08 µg/mL and medium antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus and Eschercia coli bacteria at concentration of 40% (v/v) with clear zone of 14.7 and 14.4 mm, respectively.

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Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Aktivitas Antibakteri dan Antioksidan Minyak Atsiri Daun Asam Jungga (Citrus jambhiri Lush)

Sembiring

2018

Chim. Nat. Acta

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“…Myristicin is observed to metabolize to 3-methoxy-dioxy amphetamine (MMDA), which are amphetamine derivatives. Moreover, myrisicin is a weak inhibitor or monamine oxidase, while other components of myristicin (linalool, safrol, isoeugenoland uegenol) are structurally similar to serotonin agonist, which could be responsible for some cardiovascular symptoms [11], [7]. Figure 2 represent chemical structure of myristicin before and after metabolisation.…”

Section: A Metabolism Of Myristicinmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Consumption of nutmeg seeds in large quantity has been reported to lead to facial flushing, tachycardia, hypertension, dry mouth, blurred vision, psychoactive hallucinations, feelings of euphoria (unreality) and delirium. Symptoms usually begin about 3 to 6 hours after ingestion, and resolves by 24 to 36 hours [11]. Lee at al.…”

Section: Clinical Effects and Reactionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The second case involves a 55 year old woman that was found dead with a postmortem blood flunitrazepam level of 0.072 mcg/ml (considered within toxic range). The stomach contents of the aforementioned patient smelled strongly of nutmeg; subsequently, myristicin was identified in postmortem blood samples and was quantified as 4.0 mcg/ml [6], [11].…”

Section: Reports On Nutmeg Intoxicationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In fact the pain relieving capacity of nutmeg has been historically utilized to ward off pain, and therefore commonly used to substitute morphine narcotic drugs. As mentioned earlier, the reputed psycho-activity of nutmeg has always been associated with the hypothesis of potential metabolic activation of nutmeg constituents to amphetamine-like compound [3], [11].…”

Section: E Misuse Of Nutmegmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Toxicity of Nutmeg (Myristicin): A Review

N.A.A¹,

Fazilah²,

M.E³

2015

International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology

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In this paper a detailed review of myristicin is reported. Numerous literatures report that myristicin is responsible for hallucinogenic effects, which induced by the consumption of nutmeg due to its metabolism structure of 3-methoxy-4,5methylendioxyamphetamine (MMDA). Minimum dosage of nutmeg that can cause psychogenic effect is 5 g (ground nutmeg) with 1 to 2 mg myristicin content and this dosage is considered as 'toxic dose'. At higher dosage of myristicin death may occur. Additionally, Myristicin poisoning can lead to many health problems that related to brain problem. Those symptoms usually occur 3 to 6 hours after ingestion of myristicin or foodstuffs containing it, and effects may persist up to 72 hours. California Poison Control System (CPCS) electronic database 72.3% exposures between 1997 and 2008 that were intentional for recreational purposes (between ages 13 and 20 years old). The remaining considered as unintentionally exposed. Between 1998 to 2008, Texas Poison Center Network (TPCN) received seventeen nutmeg poisoning and 64.7% from that cases involved abuse, and the rest was unintentional exposure. Most of the nutmeg exposures were via the oral route and minor cases of nutmeg exposure occurred through insufflated nutmeg, unintentional dermal and ocular exposures. Nutmeg also has been misused by mixing it with other drugs in order to get "high". For intoxication cases, treatments like decontamination (cathartic, charcoal, dilution, fresh air, IV fluids) and supportive care (benzodiazepines) will be provided to reduce the effects.

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