“…From the separation of the pigment extracts of P. multicolour on UPLC the chromatograms, Fig. 7 a, clearly indicated the major peak with corresponding mass ion [M + H] - of m / z 390.1498 at 10.55 min and was identified as sclerotiorin, a yellow pigment previously reported for the same organism by Santos et al (2019) . This identification was confirmed by the infrared stretches, ( Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 60%
“… Fig. 8 Tentative pigment structures by P. multicolour , T. verruculosus and F. solani a) sclerotiorin, b) rubropunctamine and c) bostrycoidin ( Lagashetti et al, 2019 , Menezes et al, 2020 , Santos et al, 2019 ). …”
“…From the separation of the pigment extracts of P. multicolour on UPLC the chromatograms, Fig. 7 a, clearly indicated the major peak with corresponding mass ion [M + H] - of m / z 390.1498 at 10.55 min and was identified as sclerotiorin, a yellow pigment previously reported for the same organism by Santos et al (2019) . This identification was confirmed by the infrared stretches, ( Fig.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 60%
“… Fig. 8 Tentative pigment structures by P. multicolour , T. verruculosus and F. solani a) sclerotiorin, b) rubropunctamine and c) bostrycoidin ( Lagashetti et al, 2019 , Menezes et al, 2020 , Santos et al, 2019 ). …”
“…Recently, an azaphilone pigment rich in sclerotiorin [ 46 ] has been obtained from Penicillium mallochii , as well as an orange-red pigment [ 47 ], whose bioactive effects have important applications in the food industry and medicine. Regarding pigments produced by Talaromyces brunneus and T. wortmannii , anthraquinone compounds as biemodin and rugulosin with antibiotic effects have been reported [ 31 , 48 ].…”
Although synthetic colorants are widely used in many industries due to their high stability at different conditions in industrial processes, evidence of its negative impact on health and the environment is undeniable. Filamentous fungi are well known for their use as alternative sources to produce natural pigments. However, an adequate comparison of the productivity parameters between the fermentation systems could be limited to their heterogeneous conditions. Even though Solid-State Fermentations (SSF) on natural substrates are widely used for pigments production, complex media, and non-controlled variables (T, pH, medium composition), these systems could not only hamper the finding of accurate productivity parameters, but also mathematical modeling and genomics-based optimization. In this context, the present study screened five pigment-producing fungi by comparing Submerged (SmF) and Surface Adhesion Fermentation [biofilm (BF) and Solid-State (SSF)] with defined media and controlled variables. For this purpose, we used the same defined media with sucrose as the carbon source for pigment production on SmF, BF, and SSF, and BF and SSF were carried out on inert supports. Five molecularly identified Penicillium and Talaromyces strains isolated from the Peruvian rainforest were selected for their ability to produce yellowish-orange colorants. Highest productivities were obtained from T. brunneus LMB-HP43 in SmF (0.18 AU/L/h) and SSF (0.17 AU/L/h), and P. mallochii LMB-HP37 in SSF (0.18 AU/L/h). Both strains also exhibited the highest yields (AU/g biomass) in the three fermentation systems, reaching values greater than 18-folds in SSF compared to the other strains. Conversely, T. wortmannii LMB-HP14 and P. maximae LMB-HP33 showed no ability to produce pigments in the SSF system. The performed experiments accurately compared the effect of the fermentation system on yield and productivity. From this, further genomics approaches can be considered for an extensive analysis of pigment synthesis pathways and a genomics-driven optimization in the best fermentation system.
“…The metabolite sclerotiorin was identified in the EtOAc extract of Penicillium sclerotiorum P3SO224. This metabolite is known to have been originally isolated from this species, but it can be produced by other fungi such as Cephalotheca faveolate, Penicillium frequentans and Penicillium mallochii [38][39][40].…”
The aim of this study was to investigate the production, stability and applicability of colorants produced by filamentous fungi isolated from soil samples from the Amazon. Initially, the isolates were evaluated in a screening for the production of colorants. The influences of cultivation and nutritional conditions on the production of colorants by fungal isolates were investigated. The colorants produced by selected fungal isolates were chemically characterized using the Liquid Chromatography‐Mass Spectrometry technique. The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, stability evaluation and applicability of the colorants were investigated. As results, we observed that the isolates Penicillium sclerotiorum P3SO224, Clonostachys rosea P2SO329 and Penicillium gravinicasei P3SO332 stood out since they produced the most intense colorants. Compounds produced by Penicillium sclerotiorum P3SO224 and Clonostachys rosea P2SO329 were identified as sclerotiorin and penicillic acid. The colorant fraction (EtOAc) produced by these species has antimicrobial activity, stability at temperature and at different pHs, stability when exposure to light and UV, and when exposed to different concentrations of salts, as well as being nontoxic and having the ability to dye fabrics and be used as a pigment in creams and soap. Considering the results found in this study, it was concluded that fungi from the soil in the Amazon have the potential to produce colorants with applications in the textile and pharmaceutical industries.
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