Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory efficacy of NAC in the treatment of COPD: Discordant in vitro and in vivo dose-effects: A review

N-Acetylcysteine and 15 Deoxy-Δ12,14-Prostaglandin J2 Exert a Protective Effect Against Autoimmune Thyroid Destruction in Vivo but Not Against Interleukin-1α/Interferon γ-Induced Inhibitory Effects in Thyrocytes in Vitro

“…In NOD mice, both toxic OS and inflammatory reaction affecting the whole thyroid gland were observed, as described in other models such as osteoarthritis, autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and lung diseases. 33,44,45 Here, OS results from ROS produced by thyrocytes themselves facing Th1 cytokines (intrafollicular OS), but also from inflammatory cells colonizing the interstitium (extrafollicular OS). A way to explain the toxicity of OS in thyroiditis in NOD mice is the induction of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 by ROS.…”

“…This could be due to the ability of NAC to decrease the inflammation by inhibiting various cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-␣, IFN␥, IL-8, and IL-6) 45 and/or to restore the cellular redox-status and to modulate the activity of redox sensitive cell signaling pathways such as nuclear factor B that regulates pro-inflammatory genes. 44 The absence of NAC effects directly on thyrocytes in vivo compared with the in vitro experimental conditions could also be due to differences in terms of local concentration of NAC, probably reaching lower concentrations in thyroids when administered systemically in vivo than when added in vitro directly to cultured thyrocytes.…”

Insights into the Pathogenic Secondary Symptoms Caused by the Primary Loss of Dystrophin

“…The safety of idebenone in human patients has been confirmed, however, an ongoing phase II extension trial is currently testing its safety and efficacy for use in long-term treatment. Unlike idebenone, which is lipophilic and thus quickly adsorbed, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a hydrophilic ROS scavenger that promotes the direct detoxification of free radicals; NAC is also currently being investigated for the anti-inflammatory effect that it showed in preclinical studies [114].…”

Effects of pyrogallic acid on Microcystis aeruginosa: oxidative stress related toxicity

“…It was proved that one molecule of ascorbic could trap two molecules of peroxyl radicals (Zhang and Omaye, 2001). As a precursor of L-cysteine and reduced glutathione, NAC could react with hydroxyl radical (OH ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), and superoxide radical anion (O 2 À ) to remove them directly (Benrahmoune et al, 2000), or acted as an antioxidant by restoring the pool of intracellular reduced glutathione, which was often depleted as a consequence of increased oxidative stress (Sadowska et al, 2007). Tocopherol was fat-soluble, and its antioxidant activity was mainly associated with the protection against lipid peroxidation of the membrane (Gutteridge, 1995).…”