Antioxidant activity of omega-3 derivatives and their delivery via nanocages and nanocones: DFT and experimental in vivo investigation

Abstract

The antioxidant properties of omega-3 were investigated via experimental in vivo and theoretical methods. For experimental evaluation, oxidative stress was induced by 30 min bilateral renal ischemia and 24 h of reperfusion in male Sprague Dawley rats. The oxidative stress was evaluated through measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) levels in renal tissue. In theoretical methods, the reaction enthalpies of antioxidant mechanisms of omega-3 were calculated and the effects of NHMe, OMe, OH, Cl, and Me substituents on its antioxidant activity were investigated. Moreover, the omega-3 delivery potential by carbon and boron nitride nanocages and naocones were evaluated. The experimental results showed that omega-3 administration decreases MDA and increases FRAP levels after their changes by ischemia/reperfusion. Theoretical results indicated that NHMe and OMe substituents can significantly improve the antioxidant activity of omega-3. Also, boron nitride nanocone (BNNC) has higher |∆E| values, so it has higher potential for omega-3 delivery. Taken together, the new findings presented here indicate that omega-3 has anti-oxidative properties and NHMe and OMe substituents can improve its antioxidant activity. Moreover, adsorption of omega-3 on the surface of the studied nanostructures was exothermic, and BNNC with higher |∆Ead| values has higher potential for omega-3 delivery. Graphical abstract The interaction and adsorption of BNNC with omega-3 is exothermic and experimentally possible from the energetic viewpoint, so the BNNC with higher |∆E| and |∆G| values has higher potential for omega-3 delivery.

Omega-3 supplementation in the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) – a review of clinical trials and cohort

“…There are evidences that omega-3 supplementation significantly increases the body's antioxidant capacity as well as reduces the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) (Najafi et al 2017;Ali and Rifaai 2019). However, no satisfactory results were found for C-reactive protein (CRP) levels reduction after administration of 1.2 g fish oil omega-3 supplementation for 8 weeks or 3.6 g of fish/ flax oil omega-3 supplementation (3.2 g) for 6 weeks (Vargas et al 2011).…”

Dietary chia seeds (Salvia hispanica) improve acute dyslipidemia and steatohepatitis in rats

“…Oxidative stress is a well‐recognized mechanism that is closely involved in MetS (Rani, Deep, Singh, Palle, & Yadav, ) and liver diseases (Shaaban et al, ). Dietary chia was mostly antioxidant due to the well‐known antioxidant properties of PUFAs (González‐Périz et al, ; Najafi et al, ; Rincón‐Cervera et al, ). However, DC alone promoted liver oxidative stress, probably because the metabolism of high amounts of antioxidant polyphenols and PUFAs may generate reactive agents, as observed for prooxidant very long chain fatty acids (Baarine et al, ), or because they are very reactive by themselves in the absence of free radicals to react with (Morales‐López et al, ).…”

“…Long‐chain PUFAs include two main types of essential fatty acids, omega‐3 (ω‐3 or n‐3, such as α‐linolenic acid, ALA, eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA, and docosahexaenoic acid, DHA) and omega‐6 (ω‐6 or n‐6, such as linoleic acid and arachidonic acid), which have been recognized for their biological activity (Abedi & Sahari, ; Juárez‐Hernández, Chávez‐Tapia, Uribe, & Barbero‐Becerra, ). Particularly ω‐3 fatty acids possess immunomodulatory (Iwami, Nonomura, Shirasugi, & Niimi, ), anti‐inflammatory (Legrand‐Poels et al, ), cardioprotective/antithrombotic (Adkins & Kelley, ), neuroprotective (Pereira Nobre et al, ), hypolipidemic (Pirillo & Catapano, ), antioxidant (Najafi, Changizi‐Ashtiyani, & Najafi, ), and hepatoprotective effects (González‐Périz et al, ; Shaaban, Shaker, Zalata, El‐kashef, & Ibrahim, ), demonstrated in chronic murine models of MetS and NAFLD/NASH (González‐Périz et al, ; Konuma et al, ; Marsman et al, ; Nagao & Yanagita, ). Chia seeds ( Salvia hispanica L.) are a pre‐Columbian Mexican food that is rich in protein, fiber and polyphenols, and have the highest botanical content of ALA (Abedi & Sahari, ; Ayerza, , ; Ríos‐Hoyo, Romo‐Araiza, Meneses‐Mayo, & Guttiérrez‐Salmeán, ).…”

“…and liver diseases(Shaaban et al, 2014). Dietary chia was mostly antioxidant due to the well-known antioxidant properties of PUFAs(González- Périz et al, 2006;Najafi et al, 2017;Rincón-Cervera et al, 2016).However, DC alone promoted liver oxidative stress, probably because the metabolism of high amounts of antioxidant polyphenols and PUFAs may generate reactive agents, as observed for prooxidant very long chain fatty acids (Baarine et al, 2012), or because they are very reactive by themselves in the absence of free radicals to react with (Morales-López et al, 2017). Chia also contains other antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds (caffeic and chlorogenic acids, and the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside), as well as flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol, and myricetin), all of which exert hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory effects by reducing LP and necrosis…”

Prdx6 is required to protect human corneal epithelial cells against ultraviolet B injury

“…44,45 And the successful applications of carbon nanostructures are array from miniature molecules, including chemotherapeutic agents and antioxidant drugs, to rather complex biologics, 46 such as tocopheryl (a synthetic derivation of vitamin E), quercetin, and rutin. 47,48 We predicted that Prdx6 delivered by carbon nanostructures could be developed as a new external use drugs of anti-UV radiation in corneal.…”