Antioxidant Activities of Chitobiose and Chitotriose

Abstract

Chitosan, a polysaccharide made up of b-1,4-linked D-glucosamine residues, is produced by deacetylation of chitin obtained from crab and prawn shells. This polysaccharide is not specifically hydrolyzed by mammalian digestive enzymes, and only limited hydrolysis may occur by the action of enzymes produced by bacterial flora. In recent years, chitosan has attracted much attention as a new biomedical material owing to its unique antibacterial, 1,2) hypoglycemic, [3][4][5] wound-healing, 6,7) and hypocholesterolemic [8][9][10] activities as well as others.11) Even though chitosan has various biologically important properties, its high molecular weight and insolubility in the neutral pH region may restrict its use in vivo. In addition, although the toxicity of chitosan is known to be low, 11) some adverse effects have been reported, including excessive excretion of essential fatty acids 12) and decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and minerals. 13) We consider that it is worthwhile to study the functional properties of the oligosaccharides made from chitosan, because these oligosaccharides, as distinct from chitosan itself, have lower viscosity and are soluble in neutral aqueous solutions. In addition, their toxicity is very low. The biological activities of each of the chitooligosaccharides, however, remain to be studied further.In the present paper, the antioxidant activities of several chitooligosaccharides, especially chitobiose and chitotriose, were studied in different in vitro systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS MaterialsPhenazine methosulfate, nitro blue tetrazolium, pyridoxamine dihydrochloride, D-glucosamine hydrochloride, Trolox (2-carboxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethyl-6-chromanol, a water-soluble a-tocopherol analogue), aminoguanidine hydrochloride, and horseradish peroxidase (Type XII) were obtained from Sigma-Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, U.S.A.). A series of chitooligosaccharide hydrochlorides, di-N-acetylchitobiose, and tri-N-acetylchitotriose were purchased from Seikagaku (Tokyo, Japan). Chelex-100 was obtained from Nippon Bio-Rad (Yokohama, Japan).Inhibition of H 2 O 2 -Induced Hydroxylation of Benzoate Hydroxylation of benzoate by H 2 O 2 was measured by the method of Giardino et al. 22) except that CuSO 4 was supplemented to the reaction mixture. Briefly, 100 mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 7.4) containing 30 mM sodium benzoate, 10 mM H 2 O 2 , and 0.1 mM CuSO 4 was incubated for 16 h at 37°C in the presence and absence of a test compound. Then the amount of salicylate formed by the reaction was determined by HPLC with a TSK gel ODS-80TM column (150ϫ4.6 mm, 5 mm; Tosoh, Tokyo, Japan). The mobile phase was 10% (v/v) acetonitrile containing 20 mM potassium dihydrogen phosphate, and chromatography was performed at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min and at a column temperature of 37°C. Salicylate was monitored by measuring fluorescence at excitation and emission wavelengths of 308 and 410 nm, respectively. Scavenging of Hydroxyl Radicals Produced by Photolysis of Zinc OxideThe hydroxyl radical-scavenging activities of tes...

Extraction, purification and characterization of an antioxidant from marine waste using protease and chitinase cocktail

“…Control was without test sample and percent hydrogen peroxide scavenging ability was calculated as described for superoxide scavenging assay. Metal chelation ability of the test compound was determined by measuring the absorption spectra of 50 lm CuSO 4 in presence and absence of 5.0 mg of the test compound at pH 7.0, 30°C in the range of 200-300 nm (Chen et al 2003).…”

“…Carboxylated chitooligosaccharides can also prevent oxidation of cellular biomolecules (Rajapakse et al 2007). Some workers have demonstrated antioxidant activities of N-acetylchitooligosaccharides (Chen et al 2003(Chen et al , 2005.…”

Pharmacokinetics of Chitobiose and Chitotriose Administered Intravenously or Orally to Rats

“…1) showed higher antioxidant activities in vitro than other chitooligosaccharides in various assay systems. 9) The biologic activity in vivo and biologic availability of each chitooligosaccharide remain to be studied.…”

Стресс-Протекторная Активность Комплексного Растительного Средства «кардекаим» На Модели Иммобилизационного Стресса

“…Äëÿ îïðåäåëåíèÿ ðîëè ðàçëè÷íûõ êîìïîíåíòîâ ôèòîñðåäñòâà â ðåàëèçàöèè ñòðåññ-ïðî-òåêòîðíîé àêòèâíîñòè èññëåäîâàëè àíòèîêñèäàíòíóþ àêòèâíîñòü êîìïëåêñíîãî ôèòîñðåäñòâà è åãî êîìïî-íåíòîâ in vitrî. Àíòèðàäèêàëüíóþ àêòèâíîñòü ïî îòíî-øåíèþ ê 2,2-äèôåíèë-1-ïèêðèëãèäðàçèë-ðàäèêàëó (DPPH) îïðåäåëÿëè áåññóáñòðàòíûì ìåòîäîì ïî [15], ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê ñóïåðîêñèä-àíèîí ðàäèêàëó (Î 2 ·-) -â íåýíçèìàòè÷åñêîé ñèñòåìå ôåíàçèí-ìåòîñóëü-ôàò/ÍÀÄÍ ïî ìåòîäó [9]; ïî îòíîøåíèþ ê NO - [11]. Fe 2+ -õåëàòèðóþùóþ àêòèâíîñòü èññëåäóåìûõ ñðåäñòâ îïðåäåëÿëè ñ èñïîëüçîâàíèåì ìîäèôèöèðîâàííîãî î-ôåíàíòðîëèíîâîãî ìåòîäà [14].…”