Antiobesity, Antihyperglycemic, and Antidepressive Potentiality of Rice Fermented Food Through Modulation of Intestinal Microbiota

Abstract

The present study has been aimed at evaluating the antiobesity, antihyperglycemic, and antidepressive potentials of Asparagus racemosus starter-based rice fermented foods. High-throughput NGS technology has revealed a number of bacterial genera in the prepared fermented rice, such as Lactobacillus (29.44%), Brevundimonas (16.21%), Stenotrophomonas (6.18%), Pseudomonas (3.11%), Bacillus (2.88%), and others (<2%). Eight-week administration of rice fermented food has increased food intake, whole-body weight, organ weight, different fat masses, serum lipid profiles, and histology of liver and adipose tissues in HFD-induced obese mice. In addition, upregulation of fatty acid oxidation and downregulation of adipocytogenesis- and lypogenesis-related genes along with the expression of their regulatory nuclear factors such as PPARα, PPARγ, PPARδ, and SREBP-1c have also been noted. Moreover, fermented food decreases fasting blood glucose level and improves glucose and insulin tolerance as well as the expression of GLUT4 receptor. Antiobesity and antihyperglycemic effects are also supported by the changes in insulin, leptin, and adiponectin hormone levels. The real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analyses have clearly demonstrated the intense colonization of Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, as well as the suppressed growth rate of γ- and δ-Proteobacteria and Firmicutes in the gut after fermented food intake. In the intestine, the latter group of microorganisms possibly modulate short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels such as acetate, butyrate, and propionate more than twofold. The impairment of memory-learning and anxiety-like obesity-associated cognitive phenotypes is mitigated significantly (p < 0.01) by fermented food as well. Thus, the formulated fermented food could be used as a natural therapeutic to alleviate obesity and its associated psychological and pathophysiological ailments.

Mitigating Diabetic Foot Ulcers: The Effect of Diet and Microbiome

“…The ratio of these bacteria is balanced in healthy lean individuals. Firmicutes are considered to be the "bad" bacteria but they are the major phyla that produce the short chain fatty acids needed as a fuel source for the colon [86,87]. Without the SCFA when the Bacteroidetes become the dominant phyla with fewer Firmicutes colon will become more permeable to bacterial infections and diseases such as Inflammatory Bowel Disease although some report even Bacteroidetes are also reduced [88].…”

Diabetic Foot - Recent Advances

“…Diabetic patients with ESRD also show immune vulnerability to infections, as hyperglycemia creates a veritable medium for bacterial growth and infection. As such, infections account for the second cause of mortality next to cardiovascular etiologies among diabetic patients with ESRD, representing 20% of the death of these patients, and also contributes significantly to their morbidity partly due to a decreased bactericidal activity of neutrophils [87,88]. Moreover, pathological changes in complement function and significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were associated with reduced renal clearance and persistent infection in diabetic patients with ESRD [89,90].…”

“…For example, mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1) is a methyltransferase that catalyzes H3K4me3 deposition to affect macrophage polarization and the induction of expression of proinflammatory genes in macrophages [86]. Mechanistically, MLL1 is found to regulate changes in macrophages partially via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in both diabetic humans and diabetic mice [87,88]. On the other hand, Suppressor of variegation, Enhancer of Zeste, Trithorax and myeloid-Nervy-DEAF-1 domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3), which is another H3K4me3 methyltransferase, has been shown to regulate M2-like polarization of macrophages [89].…”