Antinociceptive Profiles of Platycodin D in the Mouse

Abstract

Platycodin D (PD), one of several triterpene saponins, was isolated from roots of Platycodon grandiflorum. We previously reported that intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of PD showed an antinociceptive effect as measured by the tail-flick assay. However, its exact role in the regulation of antinociception in the various types of pain models has not yet been characterized. Thus, we attempted to find antinociceptive profiles of PD in various pain models. PD administered intraperitoneally (i.p.), i.c.v. or intrathecally (i.t.) showed antinociceptive effects in dose-dependent manners as measured by the tail-flick, writhing and formalin tests. In the tail-flick test, PD at the low doses reached the peak after 15 minutes and returned to the control level after 60 minutes. However, higher doses of PD showed a strong antinociception at least for 1 hour. PD administered i.t. showed stronger antinociception than that induced by i.c.v. administration PD in both tail-flick and writhing tests. In the formalin test, PD administered i.p., i.c.v. or i.t. showed antinociceptive effects during both the first (direct nociceptive stimulation) and second (late inflammatory) phases. Pretreatment with naltrexone i.p., i.c.v. or i.t. did not affect PD-induced inhibition of the tail-flick response. Our results suggest that PD shows a strong antinociceptive effect on the tail-flick, writhing and formalin tests, acting on central nervous system. However, PD-induced antinociception may not be mediated by the opioid receptors.

Anti-inflammatory Activity of Prosapogenin Methyl Ester of Platycodin D via Nuclear Factor-kappaB Pathway Inhibition

“…19) Saponins (PS) are the primary constituents of Platycodi Radix, [20][21][22] and they are responsible for diverse effects including anti-inflammation, [23][24][25][26] anti-allergy, 23) anti-tumor, 27) augmentation of immune response, [28][29][30] and stimulating the apoptosis in skin cells. 27) In the last decade, PS has generated renewed interests due to their pharmacological potentials for healing the diseases of adulthood such as hyperlipidemia or anti-obesity.…”

The growth and saponin production of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. (Chinese bellflower) hairy roots cultures maintained in shake flasks and mist bioreactor

“…Triterpene saponins, called platycosides, are responsible for the medicinal value of this plant material. They have demonstrated a broad spectrum of therapeutic effects, such as antitumor [4][5][6][7], anti-inflammatory [8,9], hepatoprotective [10], antiatherosclerotic [11] and antinociceptive [12]. Additionally, these compounds were found to be a potent adjuvant of specific cellular and humoral immune responses, with the potential use in vaccine production [13][14][15].…”

Platycodin D Blocks Breast Cancer-Induced Bone Destruction by Inhibiting Osteoclastogenesis and the Growth of Breast Cancer Cells

“…Bioactive components in medicinal plants are being considered as a promising research materials [27,28]. Platycodin D, with diverse pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-obesity and anti-nociceptive effects [29,30,31], inhibits growth and induces cell death in several cancer cells [32,33,34,35]. In this study to verify the effect of platycodin D as a protective and therapeutic agent for breast cancer-associated bone diseases, orally administered platycodin D significantly suppressed osteolysis and tumor growth in the tibial bone marrow of MDA-MB-231 human metastatic breast cancer cell-inoculated mice as evidenced by radiographic images, the 3D reconstruction of µCT data, Goldner's trichrome staining, and bone morphometric parameters.…”