Antimicrobial utilization in an Iraqi province: a comprehensive evaluation of antibiotic source and cost

Al‐Jumaili, Ali Azeez; Hashim, Hussein Ahmed; Al-Rekabi, Mohammed Dakhil; Raheem, Saba A.; Ernst, Erika J.

doi:10.1111/ijpp.12338

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Those who purchased prescription only medications (POMs) without a prescription were satisfied because they did not have to visit the doctor. For example, a previous Iraqi study reported that community pharmacy patients can obtain antibiotics without prescription ( 25 ). On the other hand, those who purchased medications for others usually complained about the pharmacy service when it was good because they had to wait for pharmacist to prepare and dispense the medications…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pharmacy Characteristics and Customer Quality of Life on Satisfaction of Community Pharmacy Customers

2020

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Objectives: The study objectives were to evaluate customer satisfaction with community pharmacy services and measure the relationships between customer satisfaction and pharmacy/pharmacist characteristics and customer quality of life. Methods: This was a cross-sectional survey of a convenience sample of customers at 20 community pharmacies in 10 different geographical areas in Baghdad city between May and September 2018. We used the satisfaction items which were developed by Paterson and colleagues in 2013. The survey also assessed customer quality of life (QoL) with 12 QoL items. Results: The study recruited 400 pharmacy customers. Overall, customers reported good satisfaction with community pharmacy services. The most three satisfying aspects were the professional appearance of the pharmacy, the professionalism of pharmacy staff and explanations of possible adverse medication effects. Three customer characteristics were associated with high satisfaction rates including male gender, buying medications without a prescription, and seeking services for themselves. Three pharmacy characteristics increased the customer satisfaction rate including the availability of female pharmacists, having more than one pharmacist, and whether the pharmacy is open full time. For quality of life, patients who had a limitation in their activities and those who accomplished less than they would like were less satisfied with pharmacy services. Conclusions: To improve pharmacy services, pharmacists need to enhance their professional appearance, allocate more time for patient counselling, help patients to manage their medications and extend their working hours to meet customer needs. Article Type: Original Research

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Pharmacy Characteristics and Customer Quality of Life on Satisfaction of Community Pharmacy Customers

2020

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“…It disbursed more than 50% of the cost burden. 15 The preparation of IV medicines requires the use of an aseptic technique. The consumption of IV is rarely warranted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…7 Several studies showed that the different type of antibiotics consumed at ambulatory care services. [8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Each country had different antibiotics and policy antibiotics prescribing guidelines. In Saudi Arabia, there is no national surveillance system of antimicrobial drug consumptions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Drug Consumption in Ambulatory Care Settings, Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia

Almasoudi¹,

Alomi²,

Alghamdi³

2019

PTB Reports

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Objectives: During the 21 st century, Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the principal public health problems worldwide. In the coming 20 years, health care systems may be incapable to treat bacterial diseases proficiently due to this miracle. We analyzed data from the North West Region Hospitals, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia to determine the level of knowledge regarding drug consumption among patients attending five hospitals in ambulatory care settings. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at North West Region Hospitals in Tabuk city, Saudi Arabia for 9 months. The study contestants were selected from different outpatient departments. National Antimicrobial stewardship program highly demand at our country because of poor insight of antibiotics and misappropriation of antibiotics and poor adherence of antibiotics guidelines. Antibiotic consumption is driven from pharmacy database and calculated based on stranded unit of antimicrobial per each hospital. The total cost expenditure of antimicrobial drug consumption was calculated by Ministry of Health National Cost database. The predictable cost expressed in USD. All data and variables analyzed by Microsoft Excel program version 10. Results: The number of antimicrobial drug consumption in ambulatory care settings in the Saudi Arabia were 25,116 i.e. average 5,023.2 per hospital respectively. The highest drug consumption at all ambulatory care visits were azithromycin tablet (10,932), followed by azithromycin syrup (7,760) and moxifloxacin tablet (3218). The overall antimicrobial consumption was 37,620.12 USD and 7,524.02 USD per each hospital. The overall cost medication consumption were adults ambulatory care departments 69.42% (26,114.79 USD), followed by pediatrics ambulatory care departments 24.52% (9,226.018 USD) and neonates ambulatory care departments 6.06% (2,279.32 USD). The highest medication cost was very broad-spectrum antibiotics like Levofloxacin, Linezolid PO IV and Moxifloxacin PO. It disbursed more than 50% of the cost burden. Conclusion: Our results exposed a very high obliviousness of antimicrobial drug consumption and its contributing factors among the study contestants. Ambulatory care settings had a high consumption of antimicrobial drugs with burden cost. Thus, health education and responsiveness are highly and instantly suggested to address antimicrobial drug consumption and related resistances in the Tabuk area at ambulatory care settings. Antimicrobial stewardship program at Ambulatory care clinics is necessary to prevent bugs related resistance, improve patient outcome and avoid unnecessary cost on hospitals in Saudi Arabia.

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“…( 6 – 10 ) Analgesics, cough and cold preparations, and laxatives are the most common abused medications in Middle East countries. ( 11 , 12 ) In Iraq, lacking official enforcing of prescription necessity and absence of auditing on pharmacy-kept prescriptions may explain patient access to most of medication types without prescription in community pharmacies. In most circumstances (except for controlled substances), Iraqi patients can keep doctor prescriptions after receiving POMs from community pharmacies to use it for refilling with or without doctor permission.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluating Factors Related to the Abuse of Oral Corticosteroids among Community Pharmacy Customers: Using Theory of Reasoned Action

2020

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Introduction: Although it is discouraged, community pharmacy customers can obtain oral corticosteroids (OCSs) without prescriptions from some community pharmacies in Iraq. Medication abuse is defined as the use of medication for non-medical reasons. Objectives: The study aimed to determine demographics, beliefs, and perceptions associated with the abuse of oral corticosteroids for non-illness reasons among community pharmacy customers. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in fall 2018 in four provinces in Iraq. Customers of 19 community pharmacies asking for OCSs for themselves without a prescription were administered a paper survey. This study used the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) to measure the relationship between the motivational factors and the abuse of OCSs. Logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationships between the use of OCSs for non-illness and six TRA factors: Normative belief, behavioral belief, evaluation of the behavior, motivation to comply, subjective norms and attitude toward behavior. Results: The study enrolled 141 participants (98 women and 43 men) taking asking for OCSs without prescription. Dexamethasone was the most commonly used OCSs (59.6%). Friends were the primary recommenders for corticosteroids abuse (28.4%). The main reasons for using OCSs were to increase appetite and gain weight (53.9 %). Approximately one-third (36.2 %) of the participants gained weight after using OCSs. The regression analysis of the TRA variables showed two factors were significantly related to the abuse of OCSs. Age had a significant inverse relationship with the abuse of OCSs and the "good appearance" belief had a significant positive association with OCS abuse. Conclusion: Some Iraqi community pharmacy customers use non-prescribed oral corticosteroids to increase appetite and gain weight. Improve body appearance represents the dominant incentive that urges people to use OCSs without prescription. Health officials and healthcare practitioners need to promote people's awareness about the risks of misusing OCSs through education programs and advertisements in public health settings, media, and social media. Article Type: Original Research

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Antimicrobial utilization in an Iraqi province: a comprehensive evaluation of antibiotic source and cost

Cited by 17 publications

References 17 publications

Influence of Pharmacy Characteristics and Customer Quality of Life on Satisfaction of Community Pharmacy Customers

Influence of Pharmacy Characteristics and Customer Quality of Life on Satisfaction of Community Pharmacy Customers

Antimicrobial Drug Consumption in Ambulatory Care Settings, Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia

Evaluating Factors Related to the Abuse of Oral Corticosteroids among Community Pharmacy Customers: Using Theory of Reasoned Action

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