Antimicrobial therapy for bacterial meningitis

Mitchell, Edwin Valentine; Furr, Martin; McKenzie, Harold C.

doi:10.2746/095777307x207105

Cited by 13 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Bacterial meningitis is associated with high mortality. There are only a few reports of successfully treated bacterial meningitis or intracranial abscesses in adult horses . Toth et al reported 96% mortality in 28 horses with meningitis or meningoencephalomyelitis.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses

et al. 2014

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses

et al. 2014

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“…septicemia infections of calves and foals requiring early aggressive treatment. 8,21 Failure of passive transfer (FPT) after birth was suspected in this calf, but due to the age at presentation, this could not be confirmed. History of a primiparous rhinoceros cow supports this contributing factor, as primiparous bovids generally produce low quality and/or volume of colostrum, increasing susceptibility of their calves to FPT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The leukopenia is due to high sequestration of cells within the affected gastrointestinal tract, and the hypoproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hyponatremia result secondarily from the Salmonella spp.-induced protein-losing enteropathy. 5,8,9,15,18,21 Pathologic findings of terminal Salmonella spp. cases in adult rhinoceros include ulcerative and hemorrhagic gastroenteritis, lymphoplasmacytic gastritis and enterocolitis, focal pneumonia, submucosal or subserosal petechial hemorrhages, and fibrinous membranes adhered to mucosal surfaces, which are similar to lesions found in adult domestic ungulates.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CASE SERIES: CLINICAL SALMONELLOSIS IN FOUR BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS) CALVES

Madrigal¹,

Cerveny²,

Raines³

et al. 2017

Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

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Although Salmonella spp. infection has been identified in captive and free-ranging rhinoceros, clinical cases in black rhinoceros ( Diceros bicornis ) calves have not been described. This case series describes clinical salmonellosis in four black rhinoceros calves. Two calves developed self-limiting diarrhea, recovering after treatment. The other two cases were fatal. One of the fatal cases had a short clinical course, whereas the other case was protracted, with signs reflecting multiple organ system involvement. In all cases, diagnosis was by fecal culture and/or quantitative polymerase chain reaction. A variable clinical presentation, which is typical for salmonellosis in domestic hoofstock, was a feature of these rhinoceros cases. Similarly, postmortem pathology in black rhinoceros calves was consistent with domestic neonatal ungulates with salmonellosis. Potential predisposing factors for infection were considered to be primiparity of the dam and failure of passive transfer in the calf. The case investigation included attempts to identify the source of infection, which was aided by organism serotyping. In one case, the patient's dam and another conspecific in the facility were shown to be asymptomatic shedders of the organism strain responsible for disease in the calf. Further surveillance of captive rhinoceros Salmonella spp. carrier status is needed to inform screening recommendations for this taxa.

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“…2008). However, information about bacterial meningoencephalitis in equine patients is scarce, and some authors consider that there is a lack of comprehensive case series of bacterial meningitis in these animals (Mitchell et al . 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is reported as a complication of sepsis in as many as 8-10% of septic foals (Koterba et al 1984;Brewer and Koterba 1990) and is associated with a high mortality rates (Koterba et al 1984;Brewer and Koterba 1990;Sanchez et al 2008). However, information about bacterial meningoencephalitis in equine patients is scarce, and some authors consider that there is a lack of comprehensive case series of bacterial meningitis in these animals (Mitchell et al 2007). Reported clinical signs of bacterial meningoencephalitis, such as lethargy, weakness, fever and seizures (Pellegrini-Masini and Livesey 2006;Furr 2008) are nonspecific and frequently present in other common neonatal diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis

Viu

Monreal

Jose‐Cunilleras

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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SummaryReasons for performing the study: Bacterial meningoencephalitis is a severe complication in septic foals and there is scarce and often unclear information in the equine literature. Objectives: To report the most frequent clinical signs, clinicopathological findings, causative agents, treatments given and outcome of a group of foals with confirmed bacterial meningoencephalitis. Methods: Foals aged <6 months of age admitted to the Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (2004Barcelona ( -2009) with confirmed bacterial meningoencephalitis were retrospectively included in the study. Diagnosis of bacterial meningoencephalitis was made by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture, CSF analysis consistent with bacterial infection, observation of bacteria in CSF cytology or post mortem confirmation. Results: Nine neonates and one 5-month-old foal were included. The most frequently observed clinical signs were alterations in mental status (10/10), recumbency (8/10), weakness (8/10), abnormal pupillary light reflexes (6/10), decreased suckling-reflex (6/9), seizures and/or nystagmus (4/10). Common clinicopathological alterations included hyperfibrinogenaemia (8/9), hyperlactataemia (7/7), and neutropenia (5/10) or neutrophilia (5/10). Most neonates (8/9) developed bacterial meningoencephalitis despite having a sepsis score near the cut-off value (median = 12). On CSF analysis, pleocytosis (9/9), increased total protein concentration (5/6) and intracellular bacteria (6/9) were detected. The most frequently isolated bacterium was Escherichia coli. Once bacterial meningoencephalitis was diagnosed, antimicrobial therapy was switched to third and fourth generation cephalosporins. Conclusions:The diagnosis of bacterial meningoencephalitis is established based on CSF analysis and culture. Clinical recognition of bacterial meningoencephalitis is difficult and can be easily overlooked. Moreover, severe sepsis is not necessary to develop bacterial meningoencephalitis.Potential relevance: CSF analysis should be considered more often in sick newborn foals with signs indicative of central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cytology and culture would help to confirm or rule out unnoticed bacterial meningoencephalitis, and to choose appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

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Antimicrobial therapy for bacterial meningitis

Cited by 13 publications

References 45 publications

Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses

Bacterial Meningitis After Sinus Surgery in Five Adult Horses

CASE SERIES: CLINICAL SALMONELLOSIS IN FOUR BLACK RHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS) CALVES

Clinical findings in 10 foals with bacterial meningoencephalitis

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