Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Urinary Infections

Bourgault, Anne–Marie; Gauvreau, L

doi:10.1128/aac.23.5.793

Cited by 8 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…saprophyticus have yielded inconsistent and methoddependent results (15,20,27,44), these organisms had a unimodal distribution of penicillin G MICs (5,15,33,39). Based on our studies, we concluded that all strains either were ,-lactamase negative or produced ineffective enzyme and were susceptible to penicillin G; application of S. aureus MIC criteria was not appropriate to S. saprophyticus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

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In vitro susceptibilities of four species of coagulase-negative staphylococci

Fass¹,

Helsel²,

Barnishan³

et al. 1986

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The in vitro susceptibilities of 260 strains of coagulase-negative staphylococci to penicillin G, oxacillin, nafcillin, methicillin, cephalothin, and seven non-Il-lactam antimicrobial agents were determined and compared with the susceptibilities of 54 strains of Staphylococcus aureus with known patterns of susceptibility. Penicillin G susceptibility for S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, and Staphylococcus hominis was readily determined by using I-lactamase tests with induced cells and with a standardized microdilution test. MIC criteria for susceptibility used for S. aureus were applicable to the coagulase-negative species. Percentages of organisms susceptible were as follows: S. epidermidis, 7%; S. haemolyticus, 5%; and S. hominis, 47%. Oxacillin susceptibility for these four species was readily determined by using a modification of the microdilution test. MIC criteria for susceptibility used for S. aureus were applicable to S. haemolyticus and S. hominis, but alternate criteria were necessary for S. epidermidis. Percentages of organisms susceptible were as follows: S. epidermidis, 29%; S. haemolyticus, 36%; and S. hominis, 97%. Staphylococcus saprophyticus differed from the other staphylococcal species; all strains were ,-lactamase negative and were penicillin susceptible but had higher penicillin G MICs than did susceptible strains of the other species. There was total cross resistance among the penicillinase-resistant penicillins and cephalothin for the coagulase-negative staphylococci as well as for S. aureus; oxacillin MICs were more reliable than MICs of the other drugs or a standardized disk diffusion test for distinguishing resistant from susceptible strains. Vancomycin, rifampin, and ciprofloxacin were consistently active against all staphylococci. Erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole were more active against oxacillinsusceptible staphylococci than against oxacillin-resistant staphylococci.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…saprophyticus is unique among staphylococci because it causes community-acquired bacteriuria in healthy young females and is susceptible to most antimicrobial agents; other species of coagulase-negative staphylococci are more likely to cause serious nosocomial infections and to be resistant to multiple antimicrobial agents (3,5,15,33,39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro susceptibilities of four species of coagulase-negative staphylococci

Fass¹,

Helsel²,

Barnishan³

et al. 1986

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…Mean concentrations detected in atrial appendages up to 4 h after the beginning of infusion reached values 12 times the MIC for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (14) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (20). Maximum levels of cefamandole and cloxacillin in atrial appendages were respectively one to five times and four to eight times the MICs of those antibiotics against these pathogens (5,14,19). The three antibiotics reached concentrations in heart tissue well above the respective MICs of penicillinase-producing and -nonproducing S. aureus (4,8,10).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…For cefamandole tryptic soy agar (Difco) was the medium used, and Bacillus subtilis (Difco) was the indicator organism. For cloxacillin the same medium was inoculated with Sarcina lutea ATCC 9341 (5 ml of 18-h culture per 100 ml of medium).fFor fusidic acid 1 liter of medium containing vitamin-free Casamino Acids (Difco), 15.0 g; yeast extract (Difco), 5.0 g; L-cysteine, 0.05 g; sodium chloride, 2.5 g; glucose, 1.0 g; and agar (Difco), 24.0 g at a pH of 6.0 was inoculated with 10 ml of an 18-h culture of Corynebacterium xerosis Leo FF-M (6). Plates were incubated overnight at 370C for cefamandole and fusidic acid assays and at 30°C for cloxacillin.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…8 17.7 ,ug of cloxacillin per ml, and 32.4 ± 10.8 Fg of fusidic acid per ml. Mean (± standard deviation) concentrations in atrial appendages taken 1 h (±15 mi) after infusion were 21.3 ±11.0 ,ug of cefamandole per g, 23.8 ± 17.3 ,ug of cloxaciDin per g, and 10.7 ± 4.2 ,ug of fusidic acid per g. No cloxacillin coild be detected in 5 of 39 heart specimens. Mean tissue-to-serum ratios at 1 h for cefamandole, cloxacillin, and fusidic acid were respectively 0.35, 0.73, and 0.33.…”

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Concentrations of fusidic acid, cloxacillin, and cefamandole in sera and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Bergeron¹,

Desaulniers²,

Lessard³

et al. 1985

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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The concentrations of cefamandole, cloxaciDin and fusicid acid were measured in the serum and heart tissue of 100 recipients of these drugs before cardiac surgery. During cardiopulmonary bypass, mean (± standard deviation) peak concentrations in serum of all patients were 63.0 ± 34.0 Lg of cefamandole per ml, 30.8 17.7 ,ug of cloxacillin per ml, and 32.4 ± 10.8 Fg of fusidic acid per ml. Mean (± standard deviation) concentrations in atrial appendages taken 1 h (±15 mi) after infusion were 21.3 ±11.0 ,ug of cefamandole per g, 23.8 ± 17.3 ,ug of cloxaciDin per g, and 10.7 ± 4.2 ,ug of fusidic acid per g. No cloxacillin coild be detected in 5 of 39 heart specimens. Mean tissue-to-serum ratios at 1 h for cefamandole, cloxacillin, and fusidic acid were respectively 0.35, 0.73, and 0.33. Fusidic acid, a drug which is highly effective in vitro against both methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and .taphylococcus epidermidis, was detectable in heart tissue in concentrations which were 12 times higher than the MICs of this agent against these resistant microorganisms.There are several published reports on the penetration of cefamandole in human heart but none on either cloxacillin, a drug which in several countries of the world is used as a prophylactic agent in cardiac surgery (3, 9), or fusidic acid, an agent of some promise because of activity in vitro against both methicillin-resistant and -susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis (4,20). The increasing incidence of severe infection due to those latter microorganisms (9,12,15) has stimulated us to compare the penetration of these three antibiotics in human heart. MATERIALS AND METHODSPatients. A total of 100 patients (69 males and 31 females) about to undergo cardiac surgery were admitted into this study. They ranged in age from 21 to 84 years old (mean, 55 years). Men constituted 65% and 55% of the cefamandoleand cloxacillin-treated groups, respectively. They accounted for 90o of the fusidic acid group. Surgeries consisted of coronory bypass (CPB) (66%) and valve replacement (32%) for the cefamandole and cloxacillin groups and CPB for the fusidic acid group. Duration of surgery varied from 3 to 5 h. Extracorporeal circulation lasted 1 to 3 h. Drug administration. Cefamandole (Eli Lilly, Canada) was administered to 37 patients, and cloxacillin (Ayerst, Canada) was administered to 34 patients. At induction of anesthesia, both drugs were infused intravenously (i.v.) at a dose of 1 g over 5 min. Fusidate diethanolamine (Leo Laboratories, Canada) was administered to 29 patients i.v. at a dose of 580 mg over 2 h before surgery. After the first dose, cefamandole and cloxacillin were continued every 4 h for 24 h, and fusidic acid was continued every 8 h. Each patient received a total of six injections of either drug.Sample collection. Blood samples were collected 1, 2, 3, and 4 h after administration of either cefamandole, cloxacillin, or fusidate diethanolamine. Additional samples were collected at 5, 6, and 8 h from patients receiving fusi...

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Vancomycin: An Update

Cheung

DiPiro

1986

Pharmacotherapy

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Vancomycin is a narrow-spectrum glycopeptide antibiotic with potent antistaphylococcal activity. It is primarily active against gram-positive organisms. Bacterial resistance rarely develops due to its numerous modes of action. The toxic potential of vancomycin is less significant than previously thought. "Red neck syndrome" seems to be the most common side effect and appears to be caused by rapid intravenous infusion. It is characterized by erythema at the base of the neck and the upper back; hypotensive episodes may also occur. Nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity are rare. Relationships between toxicities and serum concentrations have not been established. The disposition of vancomycin after intravenous administration proceeds biphasically--rapid distribution followed by elimination. The drug is excreted primarily unchanged in the urine by glomerular filtration. Vancomycin clearance is reduced and elimination half-life is prolonged in patients with renal insufficiency. Various methods have been published to aid in dosing the drug in these patients. Vancomycin is the drug of choice in the treatment of methicillin-resistant staphylococcal infections. It is also useful in the treatment of gram-positive endocarditis and has been used as alternative therapy in the treatment of prophylaxis of gram-positive infections in penicillin-allergic patients. Oral vancomycin is the preferred therapy in antibiotic-associated colitis.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Coagulase-Negative Staphylococci Isolated from Urinary Infections

Cited by 8 publications

References 18 publications

In vitro susceptibilities of four species of coagulase-negative staphylococci

In vitro susceptibilities of four species of coagulase-negative staphylococci

Concentrations of fusidic acid, cloxacillin, and cefamandole in sera and atrial appendages of patients undergoing cardiac surgery

Vancomycin: An Update

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