Antimicrobial Sensitivity ofAvibacterium paragallinarumIsolates from Four Latin American Countries

Abstract

The antimicrobial sensitivity of 11 reference strains and 66 Avibacterium paragallinarum isolates from four Latin American countries was investigated. All 11 reference strains were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, fosfomycin, gentamicin, kanamycin, neomycin, penicillin, tetracycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The 11 reference strains were all resistant to lincomycin. All isolates (100%) from Mexico, Panama, and Peru were sensitive to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ampicillin, and fosfomycin. The Ecuadorian isolates showed some level of resistance to all 16 agents tested. The Ecuadorian isolates were significantly more sensitive to erythromycin, lincomycin, and streptomycin, and significantly more resistant to gentamicin, kanamycin, penicillin, and tetracycline, than the Mexican isolates. A total of 57.5% (38/66) of tested isolates were multi-drug resistant (MDR), with 16 MDR patterns detected in 88.4% (23/26) of the antimicrobial-resistant isolates from Ecuador, and 8 MDR patterns detected in 42.8% (15/35) of the antimicrobial-resistant isolates from Mexico. In conclusion, the variation in antimicrobial sensitivity patterns between isolates from Ecuador and Mexico emphasizes the importance of active, ongoing monitoring of A. paragallinarum isolates.

Antimicrobial Resistance in Bacterial Poultry Pathogens: A Review

“…A total of seven publications investigated phenotypic resistance in 143 A. paragallinarum isolates from diseased flocks in Asia (India, Thailand, Indonesia, Taiwan) ( 63 – 67 ), Africa (Uganda) ( 68 ), and the Americas (Mexico, Ecuador, Peru, Panama) ( 5 ). All studies used the disk diffusion test, except one where broth microdilution ( 64 ), and one where agar dilution ( 68 ) tests were used (Table 4 ).…”

“…A study on isolates from Latin American countries ( 5 ) showed the lowest level of resistance against co-trimoxazole (potentiated sulfonamide). However, the authors remind that sulfonamides should be administered with caution in poultry given their low safety margin and the presence of residues in meat and eggs for a relatively longer period ( 13 ).…”

“…The magnitude of usage is expected to increase considerably over coming years due to intensification of farming practices in much of the developing world ( 3 ). Much of our knowledge and assumptions on the prevalence and evolution of AMR in animal production systems relate to organisms that more often than not are commensal in poultry such as Escherichia coli ( 4 – 6 ), Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus ( 7 ) as well as foodborne zoonotic pathogens, such as non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) ( 5 , 8 , 9 ) and Campylobacter spp. ( 10 ).…”

Genomic Islands in the Full-Genome Sequence of an NAD-Hemin-Independent Avibacterium paragallinarum Strain Isolated from Peru

“…The strain was identified as A. paragallinarum serovar C-2 using the morphology of the colony, biochemical tests (catalase test, oxidase test, urease test, peptone test, and carbohydrate fermentation, such as that of maltose, mannitol, lactose, and sorbitol) (11), specific PCR (12), and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) (13). The disk diffusion test (14) revealed resistance to colistin, ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, penicillin, neomycin, lincomycin, oxacillin, enrofloxacin, and gentamicin. The strain was susceptible to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, doxycycline, streptomycin, florfenicol, tiamulin, levofloxacin, and gatifloxacin.…”

Review on the Major Antimicrobial Resistance Bacterial Pathogen of Poultry

“…The magnitude of usage is expected to increase considerably over coming years due to intensification of farming practices in much of the developing world [4]. Much of our knowledge and assumptions on the prevalence and evolution of AMR in animal production systems relate to organisms that more often than not are commensal in poultry such as Escherichia coli [5], Enterococcus spp., and Staphylococcus aureus [6] as well as foodborne zoonotic pathogens, such as non-typhoid Salmonella (NTS) [7] and Campylobacter spp. [8].…”