Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in Chelonians: Assessing Its Potential Risk in Zoological Institutions in Spain

Marín, Clara; Martín-Maldonado, Bárbara; Cerdà‐Cuéllar, Marta; Sevilla‐Navarro, Sandra; Lorenzo-Rebenaque, Laura; Montoro-Dasi, Laura; Manzanares, Alicia; Ayats, Teresa; Mencía-Gutiérrez, Aida; Jordá, Jaume; González-González, Fernando; Rojo-Solís, Carlos; Barros, Carlos Pestana; García-Párraga, Daniel; Vega, Santiago

doi:10.3390/vetsci9060264

Cited by 9 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…On the other hand, due to their popularity as pets for children, special attention must be given to chelonians. Consequently, several countries, the US included, have implemented strict bans to curtail chelonian-associated salmonellosis; however, in Europe, there are few regulations to control its prevalence [40].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveys on Pet-Reptile-Associated Multi-Drug-Resistant Salmonella spp. in the Timișoara Metropolitan Region—Western Romania

Dégi¹,

Herman²,

Radulov³

et al. 2023

Antibiotics

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The number of reptiles owned as pets has risen worldwide. Additionally, urban expansion has resulted in more significant human encroachment and interactions with the habitats of captive reptiles. Between May and October 2022, 48 reptiles from pet shops and 69 from households were sampled in the Timișoara metropolitan area (western Romania). Three different sample types were collected from each reptile: oral cavity, skin, and cloacal swabs. Salmonella identification was based on ISO 6579-1:2017 (Annex D), a molecular testing method (invA gene target), and strains were serotyped in accordance with the Kauffman–White–Le-Minor technique; the antibiotic susceptibility was assessed according to Decision 2013/652. This study showed that 43.28% of the pet reptiles examined from households and pet shops carried Salmonella spp. All of the strains isolated presented resistance to at least one antibiotic, and 79.32% (23/29) were multi-drug-resistant strains, with the most frequently observed resistances being to gentamicin, nitrofurantion, tobramycin, and trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole. The findings of the study undertaken by our team reveal that reptile multi-drug-resistant Salmonella is present. Considering this aspect, the most effective way of preventing multi-drug-resistant Salmonella infections requires stringent hygiene control in reptile pet shops as well as ensuring proper animal handling once the animals leave the pet shop and are introduced into households.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surveys on Pet-Reptile-Associated Multi-Drug-Resistant Salmonella spp. in the Timișoara Metropolitan Region—Western Romania

Dégi¹,

Herman²,

Radulov³

et al. 2023

Antibiotics

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show abstract

“…Suppose the antibiotic resistances seen in human bacterial isolates are closely related to those seen in animal Salmonella enterica Transmission and Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics across One-Health… DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.109229 isolates. In that case, it may be possible to identify animal sources of resistant bacteria in human infections that can be targeted to reduce human disease [76,90,91]. This can be done by determining if the resistances seen in human bacterial isolates are similar to those seen in animal isolates [92].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Of S Enterica From Humans Animals A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Additionally, multidrug-resistant Salmonella strains were discovered in the aquatic habitat of some exotic pet animals, such as tortoises and turtles [100]. This might lead to an increased risk of zoonotic infections in people via direct contact with these animals [74,76,90].…”

Section: Antimicrobial Resistance Of S Enterica From Humans Animals A...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Salmonella enterica Transmission and Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics across One-Health Sector

Uzairue¹,

Shittu²

2024

Salmonella - Perspectives for Low-Cost Prevention, Control and Treatment

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From human infection to animal production and the environment, Salmonella enterica has become a global-threat. The pathogen’s dynamics have been determined by its transfer from sector to sector. Antibiotic-resistant bacteria can survive and proliferate in antibiotics. Misuse of antibiotics has made certain S. enterica resistant. The One-Health sector has antibiotic-resistant Salmonella (an approach that recognizes that human health is closely connected to the health of animals and the shared environment). According to certain studies, most animal and environmental S. enterica have virulence genes needed for human infections. S. enterica antibiotic resistance patterns have varied over the decades, resulting in pan-drug-resistant-strains. Plasmid-mediated fluoroquinolone resistance genes are found in One-Health Salmonella species. The S. enterica subspecies Typhi has been found to be extensively drug-resistant (XDR) in some areas. Cephalosporin-resistant S. enterica subspecies Typhi is a severe problem that underscores the need for Vi-conjugat-vaccines. New diagnostics for resistant-Salmonella in food, animal, environment, and human sectors are needed to control the spread of these deadly infections. Also, hygiene is essential as reduced transmissions have been recorded in developed countries due to improved hygienic practices. This chapter aims to discuss the transmission and antimicrobial resistance dynamics of S. enterica across the One-Health sector.

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“…Approximately 60% of all human pathogens are zoonotic and originate from animals, in which wildlife plays a key role [65]. Free-ranging and captive wild animals may serve as asymptomatic carriers of enteric pathogens such as Salmonella [66]. There are approximately 1,415 infectious agents causing diseases in humans, out of which 868 (61%) are known to be zoonotic.…”

Section: Role Of Wild Animals In the Epidemiology Of Salmonellamentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance

et al. 2023

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Salmonella is a ubiquitous organism of public health importance that causes diarrhea and other systemic disease syndromes. The ecology and epidemiology of the organism in addition to the roles played by wild animals are important in understanding its disease. Relevant published peer-reviewed literature was obtained after imputing the study's keywords into the Google search engine. The publications were thereafter saved for the study. The study revealed the ecology of Salmonella is directly related to its epidemiology. These were found to be either positively or negatively influenced by the living and non-living parts of the environment. Free-ranging and captive wild animals can serve as asymptomatic carriers of Salmonella, therefore, help to maintain the cycle of the disease since wildlife serves as reservoir hosts to over 70% of emerging zoonotic diseases. Cockroaches transmit Salmonella through their feces, and body parts and when ingested by birds and animals. The statistically significant over 83% of Salmonella isolation in lizards suggests the reptile could be a source of Salmonella distribution. Snakes, foxes, badgers, rodents, and raccoons have been reported to have Salmonella as a natural component of their gut with the ability to shed the organism often. The high occurrence (>45%) of diverse Salmonella serovars coupled with the fact that some of these animals were handled, kept as pets and consumed by man portends these animals as potential sources of transmission of the organism and the disease. The etiology and epidemiology of Salmonella are overtly affected by several environmental factors which also determine their survival and maintenance. The roles played by wild animals in the relationship, transmission, growth or interaction within and between Salmonella spp., the occurrence, prevalence, and distribution of the organism help maintain the organism in the environment. An understanding of the roles played by the different parts of the environment and wild animals in the ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella can help make informed decisions on the prevention and control of the diseases it causes. This review aimed to investigate the relationship between ecology, epidemiology, and environment, including the roles played by wild animals in the maintenance of the organism and its disease.

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Antimicrobial Resistant Salmonella in Chelonians: Assessing Its Potential Risk in Zoological Institutions in Spain

Cited by 9 publications

References 62 publications

Surveys on Pet-Reptile-Associated Multi-Drug-Resistant Salmonella spp. in the Timișoara Metropolitan Region—Western Romania

Surveys on Pet-Reptile-Associated Multi-Drug-Resistant Salmonella spp. in the Timișoara Metropolitan Region—Western Romania

Salmonella enterica Transmission and Antimicrobial Resistance Dynamics across One-Health Sector

Ecology and epidemiology of Salmonella spp. isolated from the environment and the roles played by wild animals in their maintenance

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