Antimicrobial resistance, virulence associated genes and phylogenetic background versus plasmid replicon types: the possible associations in avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC)

Abstract

Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacterial isolates from food producing animals not only challenges the preventive and therapeutic strategies in veterinary medicine, but also threatens public health. Genetic elements placed on both chromosome and plasmids could be involved in AMR. In the present study, the associations of genomic backbone and plasmids with AMR were evaluated. We also provided some primary evidences that which genetic lineages potentially host certain groups of plasmids. Results In the current study, 72 avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) strains were examined. Isolates resistant to tetracycline and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (87.5%; each), and harboring blaTEM (61.1%) were dominant. Moreover, phylogroup D was the most prevalent phylogroup in total (23.6%), and among multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (14/63). The most prevalent Inc-types were also defined as follows: IncP (65.2%), IncI1 (58.3%), and IncF group (54.1%). Significant associations among phylogroups and AMR were observed such as group C to neomycin (p = 0.002), gentamicin (p = 0.017) and florfenicol (p = 0.036). Furthermore, group D was associated with blaCTX. In terms of associations among Inc-types and AMR, resistance to aminoglycoside antibiotics was considerably linked with IncP (p = 0.012), IncI1 (p = 0.038) and IncA/C (p = 0.005). The blaTEM and blaCTX genes presence were connected with IncI1 (p = 0.003) and IncFIC (p = 0.013), respectively. It was also shown that members of the D phylogroup frequently occured in replicon types FIC (8/20), P (13/47), I1 (13/42), HI2 (5/14) and L/M (3/3). Conclusions Accorging to the results, it seems that group D strains have a great potential to host a variety of plasmids (Inc-types) carrying different AMR genes. Thus, based on the results of the current study, phyogroup D could be a potential challenge in dealing with AMR in poultry. There were more strong correlations among Inc-types and AMR compared to phylotypes and AMR. It is suggested that in epidemiological studies on AMR both genomic backbone and major plasmid types should be investigated.

Associations between Nutrigenomic Effects and Incidences of Microbial Resistance against Novel Antibiotics

“…The genomic backbone and plasmid correlations with antimicrobial resistance were investigated [ 43 ]. A total of 72 pathogenic avian E. coli (APEC) strains were studied.…”

“…The results indicated that group D strains have a high capacity to host a wide range of plasmids (Inc-types) harboring various AMR genes. This means that phylogroup D might pose a problem in dealing with antimicrobial resistance in poultry [ 43 ].…”

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“…Ao redor do mundo não há um padrão único de uso, porém tetraciclinas, macrolídeos, sulfonaminas e aminoglicosídeos estão como os mais descritos(TOHMAZ et al, 2022).Os probióticos são microrganismos ou sua preparação, que atuam com exclusão competitiva na microbiota das aves, ocupando os receptores no intestino, não permitindo a fixação de patógenos, com isso, havendo sua exclusão, além de neutralizar toxinas e estimular o sistema imune. Há alguns microrganismos com esta função, todavia, o Lactobacillus é um dos principais.…”

“…relacionadas ao fitness bacteriano, com tendência à disseminação de resistência contra cefalosporinas de terceira geração. O filogrupo B2 não se comporta da mesma maneira, e não há uma correlação entre multirresistência e virulência.Isolados resistentes a Trimetropim-sulfametoxazol, Enrofloxacina, Florfenicol, Neomicina e Furazolidona foram detectados em todos os filogrupos, porém, o filogrupo D foi o que apresentou o maior número de marcadores de resistência(TENAILLON et al, 2010, TOHMAZ et al, 2022. vacinas para Salmonella induziu diferentes graus de anticorpos em galinhas (IgA e IgG), com diminuição de carga bacteriana, lesões e mortalidade(KATHAYAT et al, 2021).Os bacteriófagos são uma alternativa promissora, embora sejam específicos, estão sendo descobertos uma quantidade significativa.…”