Antimicrobial Resistance Pilot Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in Vietnam, 2017–2019

Abstract

Antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are a growing public health and economic threat in Vietnam. We conducted a pilot surveillance programme in five provinces of Vietnam, two in the south and three in the north, to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rectal swab samples from pigs and fecal samples from chickens at slaughter points during three different points in time from 2017 to 2019. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion assay for 19 antimicrobial agents belonging to nine antimicrobial classes and Etest for colistin (polymyxin). Almost all E. coli (99%; 1029/1042) and NTS (96%; 208/216) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent; 94% (981/1042) of E. coli and 89% (193/216) of NTS isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Higher proportions of E. coli and NTS isolated from chickens were resistant to all antimicrobial classes than those isolates from pigs. There was a significantly higher proportion of MDR NTS isolates from the southern provinces of Ho Chi Minh City and Long An (p = 0.008). Although there were increasing trends of NTS in proportion of resistance to fluoroquinolone over the three surveillance rounds, there was a significant decreasing trend of NTS in proportion of resistance to polymyxin (p = 0.002). It is important to establish an annual AMR surveillance program for livestock in Vietnam to assess the impact of interventions, observe trends and drive decision making that ultimately contributes to reducing AMR public health threat.

A systematic review and meta-analysis of integrated studies on antimicrobial resistance in Vietnam, with a focus on Enterobacteriaceae, from a One Health perspective

“…However, there is an existing gap in AMU studies in the northern region. Thus, studies about AMU quantification in different regions in the country are suggested [ 53 ].…”

A review and meta-analysis of non-typhoidal Salmonella in Vietnam: Challenges to the control and antimicrobial resistance traits of a neglected zoonotic pathogen

“…*The number of prevalence estimates ( n = 67) was from 42 studies selected for meta-analyses of prevalence of NTS. Of 67 estimates, seven for human with diarrhea [ [20] , [21] , [22] , [23] , [24] , [25] , 29 ], 3 for invasive infection [ 26 , 28 , 30 ], 3 for enteric carriage [ 19 , 21 , 22 ], 23 for pig [ 7 , [31] , [32] , [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] , [46] , [47] , [48] , [49] , [50] , [51] , [52] ], 18 for poultry [ 7 , 19 , 31 , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] , [38] , [39] , [40] , 42 , 48 , 50 , [53] , [54] , [55] , [56] , [57] ], 7 for cattle [ 31 , ...…”

“…In parallel to this, more attention has been paid to NTS. In 2017 Vietnam established active surveillance of AMR in NTS from pigs and chickens at slaughter points and markets [ 7 ].…”

Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, 2018–2021

“…isolates have not been serotyped, hampering the interpretation of the resistance data, as resistance patterns may differ strongly for different serotypes. Finally, the data provided and used in this study were unsuitable for conducting multivariable analysis to identify possible risk factors, as was done by Tuat et al (2021) [4]. Estimates were adjusted for province in our study to account for similarities in the production practices within the province, and possibly animals from the same farm/establishment (or located in close proximity) within the province, with subanalysis of the differences in breed (in poultry) and rounds of collection (in pigs), but further work is required in order to identify where clustering could have occurred (i.e., within sampling days, districts, slaughterhouses, or wet markets).…”

“…Large quantities of a variety of classes of antimicrobials are used in the livestock industry in Southeast Asia [ 1 , 2 ]. Unregulated and irresponsible use of antimicrobials in the animal production sector can result in antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria [ 3 , 4 ]. Food safety and public health threats arising from the use of antimicrobials in food animals—including antimicrobial-resistant bacteria/genetic elements and antimicrobial residues—can spread through direct contact with animals, animal excrement, wastewater, vegetables, and animal byproducts [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”