Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Chickens Sold at Retail Outlets in Trinidad

Abstract

This study determined the frequency of resistance of 135 isolates of Salmonella, including 15 serotypes recovered from chickens purchased from retail outlets (cottage processors and supermarkets) across Trinidad. Resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents was determined by using the disk diffusion method. Resistance among the isolates was related to the type of retail outlet, location of outlets, type of sample, and isolate serotype. Overall, all isolates exhibited resistance to one or more of the 16 antimicrobial agents tested. All isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin and norfloxacin, with the overall frequency of resistance ranging from 1.1% (sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim) to 100.0% (ceftiofur and doxycycline). The frequency of resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, ceftriaxone, amoxycillin–clavulanic acid, and chloramphenicol was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in isolates recovered from cottage processor outlets compared with those from supermarkets. The frequency of resistance to antimicrobial agents was significantly different only to kanamycin (P = 0.046) and enrofloxacin (P = 0.000) across seven counties in Trinidad). Regarding sample presentation (whole versus parts), the frequency of resistance was only significantly higher to gentamicin (P = 0.039) for chicken part isolates from cottage processor and to only tetracycline (P = 0.034) for isolates from whole carcasses from supermarkets. All the 135 Salmonella isolates exhibited multidrug resistance patterns. The high frequency of resistance to seven antimicrobial agents (erythromycin, streptomycin, ceftiofur, doxycycline, kanamycin, tetracycline, and ampicillin), some used in the poultry industry, coupled with the occurrence of multidrug resistance, may have potential therapeutic implications for broiler farmers in Trinidad.

Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Salmonella Isolates on Chickens Processed and Retailed at Outlets of the Informal Market in Gauteng Province, South Africa

“…This may reflect the differences in the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella serotypes and the frequency of use or abuse of antimicrobial agents across the farms from where the chickens originated. Our findings agree with the reports of other studies conducted in Trinidad [41,46], Spain [62], Iran [63], USA [64], Korea [65], and Malaysia [66], where different prevalence of resistant Salmonella was detected among the serovars isolated.…”

“…The high prevalence of resistance to the antimicrobial agents such as erythromycin, spectinomycin, streptomycin, tetracycline, and doxycycline by Salmonella in our study agrees with published reports of poultry-associated Salmonella by others [39][40][41]. It is pertinent to mention that in South Africa, the tetracyclines are the most commonly used or over-used antibiotics in the livestock industry, particularly in poultry, to treat bacterial infections such as Salmonella spp.…”

“…Other studies of the pathogens of poultry in South Africa have similarly reported a high prevalence of MDR in Salmonella isolates in chickens and other livestock, thus highlighting their therapeutic and public health implications [42,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]. The prevalence of MDR in the current study is higher than was reported, also using the disc diffusion method, for Salmonella from chickens (caeca) in Trinidad, 14.3% [46], Portugal, 75.0% [57], China, 80.0% [58], and in the USA, 92.0% [59], but lower than that reported for isolates in Nepal, 100% [60], Mauritius, 100% [61] and Trinidad, 100.0% [41] and globally [34].…”

Characterization of Salmonella Isolates Recovered from Stages of the Processing Lines at Four Broiler Processing Plants in Trinidad and Tobago

“…In Trinidad and Tobago and the Caribbean, there is a dearth of comprehensive up-to-date data on the role played by the commercial broiler processing plants in the contamination of processed chicken carcasses with Salmonella . The only available recent published data were from studies conducted at the outlets of cottage poultry processors (‘wet market’) where the slaughtering and retailing of dressed chicken were practiced [ 37 ] and at supermarkets where retailing of chicken from the commercial processing plants occurs [ 38 ] and the antimicrobial resistance profiles of Salmonella isolates from both sources were determined [ 39 ].…”

Bacteriological quality and the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli O157:H7 in ready‐to‐eat foods from Barbados, WI

“…Regrettably, multidrug resistance is a growing problem which has been increasingly described among Salmonella spp. and E. coli in many countries globally, including the Caribbean (Fallah, Asgharpour, Naderian, & Moulana, 2013;Fernández-Fuentes, Ortega Morente, Abriouel, Pérez Pulido, & Gálvez, 2012;Frederick, 2011;Gunasegaran et al, 2011;Jakee, Ata, Hakim, Syame, & Omara, 2015;Khan, Georges, Rahaman, Abdela, & Adesiyun, 2018a;Kipkorir et al, 2016;Newaj-Fyzul, Mutani, Ramsubhag, & Adesiyun, 2008). Exposure of humans to resistant microorganisms can have therapeutic consequences.…”