Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Tract
            <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i>
            Isolates: Results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002

Zhanel, George G.; Palatnick, Lorraine; Nichol, Kim; Bellyou, Tracy; D, Low; Hoban, Daryl J.

doi:10.1128/aac.47.6.1867-1874.2003

Cited by 148 publications

(113 citation statements)

References 38 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Other values are 0.008-0.031 lg/mL for Chlamydia pecorum (Pudjiatmoko et al, 1998); <0.5 lg/mL for Pasteurella haemolytica (Ole-Mapenay and Mitema, 1997); 0.06-2 lg/ mL for Mycoplasma mycoides (Egwu and Aliyu, 1998) and 0.1 lg/mL for Bacillus anthracis (Brook et al, 2001). MIC values determined in human isolates were 0.016-0.5 lg/mL for Streptococcus pneumoniae (Zhanel et al, 2003, andRoss andJones, 2004); 0.064 mg/mL for Chlamydia psittaci (Suchland et al, 2003); 0.12-0.5 lg/mL for Staphylococcus aureus (Firsov et al, 2004;Ross and Jones, 2004); 0.5 lg/mL for Mycoplasma pneumoniae (Waites et al, 2003) and 1 lg/mL for Haemophilus influenzae (Koeth et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in sheep after intravenous and oral administration

Castro

Sahagún

Diez

et al. 2009

The Veterinary Journal

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The pharmacokinetics of doxycycline were investigated in sheep after oral (PO) and intravenous (IV) administration. The IV data were best described using a 2-(n = 5) or 3-(n = 6) compartmental open model. Mean pharmacokinetic parameters obtained using a 2-compartmental model included a volume of distribution at steady-state (V ss ) of 1.759 ± 0.3149 L/kg, a total clearance (Cl) of 3.045 ± 0.5264 mL/ kg/min and an elimination half-life (t 1/2b ) of 7.027 ± 1.128 h. Comparative values obtained from the 3-compartmental mean values were: V ss of 1.801 ± 0.3429 L/kg, a Cl of 2.634 ± 0.6376 mL/kg/min and a t 1/2b of 12.11 ± 2.060 h. Mean residence time (MRT 0À1 ) was 11.18 ± 3.152 h. After PO administration, the data were best described by a 2-compartment open model. The pharmacokinetic parameter mean values were: maximum plasma concentration (C max ), 2.130 ± 0.950 lg/mL; time to reach C max (t max ), 3.595 ± 3.348 h, and absorption half-life (t 1=2k 01 ), 36.28 ± 14.57 h. Non-compartmental parameter values were: C max , 2.182 ± 0.9117 lg/mL; t max , 3.432 ± 3.307 h; F, 35.77 ± 10.20%, and mean absorption time (MAT 0-1 ), 25.55 ± 15.27 h. These results suggest that PO administration of doxycycline could be useful as an antimicrobial drug in sheep.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in sheep after intravenous and oral administration

Castro

Sahagún

Diez

et al. 2009

The Veterinary Journal

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“…Eight previously characterized S. pneumoniae isolates were selected for singlestep mutational studies (5,23). Seven of the isolates (isolates 2587, 2663, 2670, 4610, 14744, 15017, and 16072) were collected between 1997 and 2000 as part of an ongoing national surveillance study, the Canadian Respiratory Organisms Susceptibility Study (23).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mutant Prevention Concentrations for Single-Step Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mutants of Wild-Type, Efflux-Positive, or ParC or GyrA Mutation-Containing Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates

Smith

Walters

Hisanaga

et al. 2004

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Three fluoroquinolone-susceptible and five fluoroquinolone-resistant (two with ParC Ser79Phe mutations, one with a GyrA Ser81Phe mutation, and two that were efflux positive) Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates were exposed to one, two, four, eight, and sixteen times the MICs of ciprofloxacin, gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin. Mutational frequencies were calculated at each multiple of the MIC for which growth was observed. Mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) and the multiple of the MIC at the MPC (MP MIC ) were evaluated. All resulting mutants were sequenced for quinolone resistance-determining region changes in GyrA and ParC and were evaluated for reserpine-sensitive efflux. The MPC order was generally ciprofloxacin > levofloxacin > gatifloxacin > moxifloxacin > gemifloxacin. The MP MIC order varied depending on the genetic constitution of the original isolates from which the mutants were generated. For those mutants created from fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates (those that had wild-type ParC and GyrA and were efflux negative), the MP MIC order was ciprofloxacin ‫؍‬ moxifloxacin > gemifloxacin > levofloxacin > gatifloxacin. The MP MIC s of each fluoroquinolone for mutants created from isolates with a ParC mutation (with wild-type GyrA and efflux negative) were similar. A similar occurrence was observed with the mutants created from the efflux-positive isolates (with wild-type ParC and GyrA). The MP MIC order for the mutants created from the isolate with a GyrA mutation (with wild-type ParC and efflux negative) was ciprofloxacin ‫؍‬ gemifloxacin > levofloxacin ‫؍‬ moxifloxacin > gatifloxacin. Gatifloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin may be intrinsically more able to prevent the development of resistance by fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates, isolates that are efflux positive, or isolates that carry a GyrA mutation. However, once a ParC mutation is present, the MPC increases dramatically for all fluoroquinolones.

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“…(12) Moxifloxacin resistance rates have been reported to be 0.1-0.3% in the United States and 0.3-1.4% in Canada, compared with approximately 0.9% and 0.3% in Europe and Asia, respectively. (3,(13)(14)(15) Mendes et al also found a very low overall prevalence of resistance to fluoroquinolones in Latin America (0.8%), complete resistance to levofloxacin (MIC ≥ 8 µg/ mL) being observed in 1 isolate (0.4%) in Brazil and 3 (1.5%) in Mexico. (4) Moxifloxacin has greater activity against pneumococci because it has a higher affinity for DNA gyrase than do older generations of fluoroquinolones.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Streptococcus pneumoniae: sensibilidade a penicilina e moxifloxacina

et al. 2012

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Objective: To determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of parenteral penicillin and moxifloxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated at a hospital center. Methods: In-vitro, prospective study involving 100 S. pneumoniae isolates collected from patients who had been treated, between October of 2008 and July of 2010, at the Hospital das Clínicas complex of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The isolates were obtained from respiratory tract cultures or blood samples unrelated to meningeal infections, and they were tested for penicillin and moxifloxacin susceptibility by E-test. The MIC category interpretations were based on updated standards. Results: All isolates were fully susceptible to parenteral penicillin (MIC ≤ 2 µg/mL), and, consequently, they were also susceptible to amoxicillin, ampicillin, third/fourth generation cephalosporins, and ertapenem. Of the S. pneumoniae strains, 99% were also susceptible to moxifloxacin, and only one strain showed an MIC = 1.5 µg/mL (intermediate). Conclusions: Our results showed high susceptibility rates to parenteral penicillin and moxifloxacin among S. pneumoniae isolates unrelated to meningitis, which differs from international reports. Reports on penicillin resistance should be based on updated breakpoints for non-meningitis isolates in order to guide the selection of an antimicrobial therapy and to improve the prediction of the clinical outcomes. Os isolados foram obtidos de culturas do trato respiratório e de amostras de sangue não relacionadas a infecções meníngeas e foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade a penicilina e moxifloxacina por E-test. As interpretações categóricas de CIM foram baseadas em padrões atualizados. Resultados: Todos os isolados foram suscetíveis a penicilina parenteral (CIM ≤ 2 µg/mL) e, consequentemente, eram também suscetíveis a amoxicilina, ampicilina, cefalosporinas de terceira e quarta geração e ertapenem. Quanto à moxifloxacina, 99% das cepas de S. pneumoniae também foram suscetíveis, e somente uma teve CIM = 1,5 µg/mL (intermediário). Conclusões: Nossos resultados mostraram altas taxas de sensibilidade a penicilina parenteral e moxifloxacin nos isolados de S. pneumoniae não relacionados a meningite, o que difere de relatos internacionais. Relatos sobre resistência a penicilina devem ser baseados em pontos de corte atualizados para isolados não relacionados a meningite a fim de guiar a escolha terapêutica antimicrobiana e melhorar a predição dos desfechos clínicos. MethodsThis was as an in-vitro, prospective study involving 100 S. pneumoniae isolates collected from patients (one sample per patient) who had been treated, between October of 2008 and July of 2010, at one of the ten hospitals that compose the Hospital das Clínicas complex of the University of São Paulo School of Medicine, located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. The isolates were obtained from respiratory tract cultures or blood samples that were unrelated to meningeal infections (i.e.,...

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Respiratory Tract Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates: Results of the Canadian Respiratory Organism Susceptibility Study, 1997 to 2002

Cited by 148 publications

References 38 publications

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in sheep after intravenous and oral administration

Pharmacokinetics of doxycycline in sheep after intravenous and oral administration

Mutant Prevention Concentrations for Single-Step Fluoroquinolone-Resistant Mutants of Wild-Type, Efflux-Positive, or ParC or GyrA Mutation-Containing Streptococcus pneumoniae Isolates

Streptococcus pneumoniae: sensibilidade a penicilina e moxifloxacina

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