Antimicrobial Resistance in Hospital Wastewaters

Post-treatment disinfection technologies for sustainable removal of antibiotic residues and antimicrobial resistance bacteria from hospital wastewater

“…The antimicrobial resistance patterns have historically emerged following the discovery of very important and new antibiotics [ 12 ]. There are different antibiotics and antimicrobial resistance bacteria produced in hospitals.…”

“…Due to the spreading of high risk nosocomial infections, MRSA has been disseminated recently in the community [ 14 ], but it is less frequently found in the sewage system. When compared to gram-negative bacteria, gram-positive bacteria rapidly develop resistance to key antibiotics (e.g., methicillin and then penicillin) [ 12 ]. However, some Gram-positive resistant bacteria, like Vancomycin resistant Enterococci (VRE) (which exist in the gastrointestinal tract), are frequently found in the wastewater and have been identified as a potential infectious risk for hospitals [ 13 ].…”

“…The most frequently detected antimicrobial resistance bacteria in sewage are VRE, E. coli , extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria, and intrinsically extremely resistant and environmentally adapted Gram-negative P. aeruginosa [ 14 ]. High concentrations of these antimicrobial resistance bacteria have also been found in hospital wastewater [ 12 ]. The carbapenamase-producing organisms (CPO) are resistant to the broad-spectrum penicillins and have been revealed to be spread within the hospitals, which is highly concerning [ 12 ].…”

“…High concentrations of these antimicrobial resistance bacteria have also been found in hospital wastewater [ 12 ]. The carbapenamase-producing organisms (CPO) are resistant to the broad-spectrum penicillins and have been revealed to be spread within the hospitals, which is highly concerning [ 12 ]. According to monitoring studies [ [15] , [16] , [17] ], there are a considerable quantities of antibiotic residues occurred in areas that are close to intensive animal farming, hospital effluent, and soil and water.…”