Antimicrobial Resistance in Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Liver of Commercial Broilers and Backyard Chickens

Genus Spodoptera (Hadeninae: Noctuidae: Lepidoptera): A New Species from Southern Punjab, Pakistan

“…Other antimicrobial classes screened in our study also exhibited a relatively higher level of resistance against Salmonella isolates (aminoglycosides 68.4 to 85.5%, tetracycline 73.9 to 78.6% and penicillin 88.5 to 93.7%). In our previous study, 96.3% Salmonella isolates of broiler chickens were recognized resistant against oxytetracycline, while 92.6% exhibited resistance against the penicillin group (Kamboh et al, 2018). It is probably due to the frequent use of these antimicrobials in veterinary practice.…”

“…It remains highly debated whether or not these resistant strains of poultry may translate into increasing resistance of Salmonella causing human infections. However, it is widely established in previous literature that development of antimicrobial resistance of microbes of animal/food origin is directly proportional with the resistance of human pathogens (Kamboh et al, 2018). According to CLSI (2014) recommendation, resistance level observed for cephalosporin should be considered collectively for its' antimicrobial class.…”

“…Universal incidence of antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella spp. recovered from animal food is variable with percentages ranging from 30.7% to 100% (Ansari et al, 2014;Kamboh et al, 2018;Sharma et al, 2019).…”

“…Among various serovars, 80% isolates of S. Gallinarum, S. Choleraesuis and S. Enteritidis were resistant to two or more antimicrobials; while 76.9% isolates of S. pullorum and 78.6% isolates of S. Typhi showed resistance to ≥2 antibiotics. This is a concern since the previous studies have reported the prevalence of multi-resistant Salmonella in animal food between 54.8% to 69.3% (Kamboh et al, 2018;Mikanatha et al, 2010). The high prevalence rates of MDR organisms in animal-origin food have been linked with antimicrobial agents such as tetracycline, penicillin and aminoglycoside which are been used frequently in animal husbandry (Ariffin et al, 2019;Rehman et al, 2019) and is therefore recognized as giant challenge in the veterinary and medical sciences to treat Salmonella infections (Thai et al, 2012).…”

“…After 24 h incubation, the inhibition zones were observed and measured from the disc center to the degree of the zone (Ariffin et al, 2019). Isolates exhibiting resistance against three or more different classes of antibiotics were regarded as multidrug resistant (MDR) strains (Kamboh et al, 2018). All tests were run in triplicates.…”