Antimicrobial resistance in Chilean marine-farmed salmon: Improving food safety through One Health

Lozano‐Muñoz, Ivonne; Wacyk, Jurij; Kretschmer, Cristina; Vásquez-Martínez, Yesseny; Martı́n, Marcelo Cortez-San

doi:10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100219

Cited by 22 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Wild species kept at this human-wild animal interface should be monitored with special attention in the future. Besides, the role of closed production systems—especially in meat production, which is affected by Campylobacter jejuni resistance [ 34 ], and marine-farmed salmon, which are affected by Piscirickettsia salmonis resistance [ 35 ]—should also be considered to control the dissemination of AMR and MDR strains in the environment. Examples of contamination may include the use of watercourses risking vegetable uptake and animal consumption [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening the Presence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Different Animal Systems and the Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance

Rivera

Allel

Dueñas

et al. 2021

Animals

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Salmonella is a major bacterial foodborne pathogen that causes the majority of worldwide food-related outbreaks and hospitalizations. Salmonellosis outbreaks can be caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains, emphasizing the importance of maintaining public health and safer food production. Nevertheless, the drivers of MDR Salmonella serovars have remained poorly understood. In this study, we compare the resistance profiles of Salmonella strains isolated from 4047 samples from domestic and wild animals in Chile. A total of 106 Salmonella strains (2.61%) are isolated, and their serogroups are characterized and tested for susceptibility to 16 different antimicrobials. The association between antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and a subset of independent variables is evaluated using multivariate logistic models. Our results show that 47 antimicrobial-resistant strains were found (44.3% of the total strains). Of the 47, 28 correspond to single-drug resistance (SDR = 26.4%) and 19 are MDR (17.9%). S. Enteritidis is highly persistent in animal production systems; however, we report that serogroup D strains are 18 times less likely to be resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent than the most common serogroup (serogroup B). The antimicrobials presenting the greatest contributions to AMR are ampicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline. Additionally, equines and industrial swine are more likely to acquire Salmonella strains with AMR. This study reports antimicrobial-susceptible and resistant Salmonella in Chile by expanding the extant literature on the potential variables affecting antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Screening the Presence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Different Animal Systems and the Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance

Rivera

Allel

Dueñas

et al. 2021

Animals

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“…Excessive amounts of antibiotics continue to be used in Chile, which plays an important role in the emerging public health crisis of AR. Resistant bacteria as well as antibiotic residues from salmon production are spreading in the environment, so both salmon food products and wild organisms become a source of resistant bacteria that can be transmitted to humans as foodborne contaminants ( Lozano-Muñoz et al., 2021 ). Salmon culture farms played a role in the incidence of ARB in sediments, showing an important decrease in the number of ARB at greater distances from the farms ( Buschmann et al., 2012 ).…”

Section: Chile: Antibiotics and Heavy Metals As Marine Pollutants In ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The significant decrease in the usage of antibacterial agents in Norwegian aquaculture from 1987, when it amounted to 48 tons or 876 mg/PCU (mg active substance/population correction unit) to 0.15 mg/PCU in 2019, it is mainly attributed to the introduction of effective vaccines against bacterial diseases in Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss but also to the prevention of bacterial diseases and their spread ( Henriksson et al., 2018 ; NORM/NORM-VET, 2019 ). It is important to note that the maximum allowed dose of the antibiotic florfenicol in freshwater salmonid aquaculture is 10 to 15 mg per kg of fish, but Chile used around 49 times more than the regulated dose in 2017 ( Lozano-Muñoz et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Chile: Antibiotics and Heavy Metals As Marine Pollutants In ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In farming areas, selection of resistant bacteria and dissemination of resistance elements to other bacteria has previously been described, both from the host and the environment ( Miranda et al., 2018 ; Ibrahim et al., 2020 ). Unlike in Norway, where the state collaborates with companies to certify salmon farms by the Aquaculture Stewardship Council (ASC), in Chile fishery health policies are not well aligned with the ASC standards for salmon, and the country’s regulations do not prevent the use of antibiotics classified as critical to human health by the WHO ( Luthman et al., 2019 ; Lozano-Muñoz et al., 2021 ).…”

Section: Chile: Antibiotics and Heavy Metals As Marine Pollutants In ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The High Risk of Bivalve Farming in Coastal Areas With Heavy Metal Pollution and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Chilean Perspective

Pavón

Riquelme

Jaña

et al. 2022

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

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Anthropogenic pollution has a huge impact on the water quality of marine ecosystems. Heavy metals and antibiotics are anthropogenic stressors that have a major effect on the health of the marine organisms. Although heavy metals are also associate with volcanic eruptions, wind erosion or evaporation, most of them come from industrial and urban waste. Such contamination, coupled to the use and subsequent misuse of antimicrobials in aquatic environments, is an important stress factor capable of affecting the marine communities in the ecosystem. Bivalves are important ecological components of the oceanic environments and can bioaccumulate pollutants during their feeding through water filtration, acting as environmental sentinels. However, heavy metals and antibiotics pollution can affect several of their physiologic and immunological processes, including their microbiome. In fact, heavy metals and antibiotics have the potential to select resistance genes in bacteria, including those that are part of the microbiota of bivalves, such as Vibrio spp. Worryingly, antibiotic-resistant phenotypes have been shown to be more tolerant to heavy metals, and vice versa, which probably occurs through co- and cross-resistance pathways. In this regard, a crucial role of heavy metal resistance genes in the spread of mobile element-mediated antibiotic resistance has been suggested. Thus, it might be expected that antibiotic resistance of Vibrio spp. associated with bivalves would be higher in contaminated environments. In this review, we focused on co-occurrence of heavy metal and antibiotic resistance in Vibrio spp. In addition, we explore the Chilean situation with respect to the contaminants described above, focusing on the main bivalves-producing region for human consumption, considering bivalves as potential vehicles of antibiotic resistance genes to humans through the ingestion of contaminated seafood.

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“…However, over the past decades, several factors have dramatically affected the quality of natural (lakes, rivers, marine, groundwater) and artificial (wastewater, drinking water, artificial lakes and ponds) aquatic environments due to human activities [36,37] in Latin America and worldwide. Some of these human activities, such as urbanization, industrialization, farming and animal food production, have led to the dissemination of AMR [38][39][40][41]. Water has been recognized as an important vehicle of AMR but the public health impact attributed to the spread of AMR is poorly understood [42].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic Activities and the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance in Latin America: A Water Issue

Domı́nguez

Chacón

Wallace

2021

Water

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Antibiotics revolutionized modern medicine and have been an excellent tool to fight infections. However, their overuse and misuse in different human activities such as health care, food production and agriculture has resulted in a global antimicrobial resistance crisis. Some regions such as Latin America present a more complex scenario because of the lack of resources, systematic studies and legislation to control the use of antimicrobials, thus increasing the spread of antibiotic resistance. This review aims to summarize the state of environmental antibiotic resistance in Latin America, focusing on water resources. Three databases were searched to identify publications on antimicrobial resistance and anthropogenic activities in relation to natural and artificial water ecosystems. We found that antibiotic resistant bacteria, mainly against beta lactam antibiotics, have been reported in several Latin American countries, and that resistant bacteria as well as resistant genes can be isolated from a wide variety of aquatic environments, including drinking, surface, irrigation, sea and wastewater. It is urgent to establish policies and regulations for antibiotic use to prevent the increase of multi-drug resistant microorganisms in the environment.

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Antimicrobial resistance in Chilean marine-farmed salmon: Improving food safety through One Health

Cited by 22 publications

References 48 publications

Screening the Presence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Different Animal Systems and the Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance

Screening the Presence of Non-Typhoidal Salmonella in Different Animal Systems and the Assessment of Antimicrobial Resistance

The High Risk of Bivalve Farming in Coastal Areas With Heavy Metal Pollution and Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Chilean Perspective

Anthropogenic Activities and the Problem of Antibiotic Resistance in Latin America: A Water Issue

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