Antimicrobial Resistance and its Containment in Developing Countries

Byarugaba, Denis K.

doi:10.1007/0-387-22852-7_32

Cited by 9 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…284 Infection control and antibiotic use are inter-related and the individual contribution by each of these factors is diffi cult to seperate. 285 …”

Section: Lack Of Antibiotic Stewardship and Poor Infection Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions

Laxminarayan

Dusé

Wattal

et al. 2013

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

3,512

2,602

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The causes of antibiotic resistance are complex and include human behaviour at many levels of society; the consequences aff ect everybody in the world. Similarities with climate change are evident. Many eff orts have been made to describe the many diff erent facets of antibiotic resistance and the interventions needed to meet the challenge. However, coordinated action is largely absent, especially at the political level, both nationally and internationally. Antibiotics paved the way for unprecedented medical and societal developments, and are today indispensible in all health systems. Achievements in modern medicine, such as major surgery, organ transplantation, treatment of preterm babies, and cancer chemotherapy, which we today take for granted, would not be possible without access to eff ective treatment for bacterial infections. Within just a few years, we might be faced with dire setbacks, medically, socially, and economically, unless real and unprecedented global coordinated actions are immediately taken. Here, we describe the global situation of antibiotic resistance, its major causes and consequences, and identify key areas in which action is urgently needed.

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“…284 Infection control and antibiotic use are inter-related and the individual contribution by each of these factors is diffi cult to seperate. 285 …”

Section: Lack Of Antibiotic Stewardship and Poor Infection Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions

Laxminarayan

Dusé

Wattal

et al. 2013

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

3,512

2,602

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Large plasmids in bacteria are important in public health perspective because they mediate more than one mechanism of resistance among their host bacteria. For example, Gram negative efflux pump genes are widely distributed and associated with large plasmids (Byarugaba, 2010). Their common presence in these isolates is indicative of congruence between the drug resistant pattern of E. coli clones and Proteus spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Congruence between the drug resistance pattern of Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. isolated from humans and those from wild animals

Eze¹,

Mustapha²,

Eze³

et al. 2015

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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As human populations grow and transform landscapes, contact with wildlife concomitantly increases. Disease emergence has been an important consequence of these contacts, with many of emerging infectious diseases in humans arising from wildlife reservoirs. Drug resistance is a very important dimension of disease emergence and tracing the source is a veritable containment strategy. Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. have important roles in the increasing cases and dissemination of antibiotic resistance, potentially acquiring resistance determinants and acting as reservoirs for resistance genes. This study was conducted to determine the similarity or otherwise of the drug resistance pattern of Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. isolated from humans and those from wild animals (a source with only minimal, hypothetical or no antibiotic exposure). The human samples were obtained from two human groups: persons not on antibiotics and humans on antibiotics. Animal samples were taken from rats (Rattus spp.), grasscutters (Thryonomys swinderianus), squirrels (Xerus erythropus) antelopes (Tragelephus scriptus), rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus), and farm lizards (Agama spp.). Organisms were isolated and identified based on basic microbiological methods and subjected to antibiotic disc diffusion tests and electrophoretic plasmid analysis. Results show that E. coli strains isolated from persons on antibiotics were resistant to ampicillin (46.62%), augmentin (39.72%), clarithomycin (5.16%); while resistance to antibiotics by E. coli isolated from those that are not on antibiotics were ampicillin (27.27%), augmentin (20.00%), cetriaxone (18.18%) and nitrofurantoin (14.55%). Also, E. coli strains isolated from wild life were resistant to ampicillin (85.71%) and clarithomycin (14.29%). Proteus spp. isolated from human sources were susceptible to all test antibiotics except ampicillin; while those from wildlife were resistant to ampicillin (54.17%), chlorampenicol (16.67%), nitrofurantoin (8.33%), clarithomycin (8.33%), ofloxacin (4.17%), augmentin (4.17%) and pefloxacin (4.17%). The correlation matrices determined at p (≤ 0.05), revealed high resistance correlation among the different genera of bacteria isolated from one source to those from the other sources. Resistance plasmid analysis revealed the presence of 23 kb plasmid DNA in organisms obtained from the different sources. This suggests the possibility of bidirectional resistant gene transmission at the human-wildlife interface, indicating congruence between the drug resistance pattern of E. coli and Proteus spp. isolated from humans and wild animals. This calls for a holistic and forward-looking approach that will take the complex interconnections among species into full account, recognizing the important link between humans, animals and the environment in a bid to contain antibiotic resistance.

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“…clavulanic acid, sulbactam, tazobactam), and a carbapenem (imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, ertapenem) [11]. However, antibiotic resistance poses a big challenge as increasing prevalence of resistance by pathogens towards these antibiotic agents has been reported over the years in different regions of the world including developing countries [12]. This has been attributed to changing microbial characteristics, selective pressures of antimicrobial use, societal and technological changes that enhance the development and transmission of drug-resistant organisms [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacteriological Profiles of Pyogenic Wound Infection among Adults with Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

Onwuezobe

Matthew

Oyoyo

2020

IJTDH

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Aims: A wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria either singly or in combination has been implicated in pyogenic wound infection and this has been associated with treatment failures due to antibiotic resistance. This study aims at investigating the agents of pyogenic wound infection and their antibiotic susceptibility. Study Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the only tertiary Teaching Hospital in Uyo, Nigeria and carried out on 136 wound samples. Place and Duration of Study: University of Uyo Teaching Hospital, Uyo, Nigeria, between April and October, 2018. Methodology: Aspirated pus or wound swab samples were collected and inoculated on two separate agar plates containing 25% Sheep Blood and incubated aerobically and anaerobically at 37°C for 48 – 72 hours. Identification of isolates was performed following standard procedures. Data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software. Results: Of the 136 collected wound samples from 76 (55.9%) males and 60 (44.1%) females patients from ages 20 to 70 years and above, 127 (93.4%) had growth of different bacterial isolates totaling 214 in number. Among these were aerobes 132 (61.6%) anaerobes 82 (38.4%). The Gram-negative aerobes had the highest prevalence 81 (37.9%), while the Gram-positive anaerobes 20 (9.4%) was the least prevalent. Staphylococcus aureus, 44 (86.3%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 24 (29.6%), were the predominant Gram-positive and Gram-negative aerobes respectively. Peptococci spp. 8 (40%) and Bacteriodes fragilis 28 (54.9%) were the predominant Gram-positive and Gram-negative anaerobes respectively. Some rarely reported pathogens revealed include Acinetobacter iwoffi, Enterobacter cloacae and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia 1(1.2%) and they showed 100% resistance to all tested antibiotics. The majority of the Gram-positive aerobes 29 (56.9%) were Vancomycin resistant and there was also an increasing prevalence of Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (45%). Conclusion: The bacterial agents causing pyogenic wound infection in Uyo comprised of 61.6% aerobes and 38.4% anaerobes. Some rarely reported bacteria such as Enterobacter cloacae and A. iwofii implicated in the infections were resistant to all commonly used antibiotics including Imipenem, a reserved antibiotic. Staphylococcus aureus was the commonest cause of pyogenic wound infection and up to 45% of them were Methicillin resistant.

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Antimicrobial Resistance and its Containment in Developing Countries

Cited by 9 publications

References 133 publications

Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions

Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions

Congruence between the drug resistance pattern of Escherichia coli and Proteus spp. isolated from humans and those from wild animals

Bacteriological Profiles of Pyogenic Wound Infection among Adults with Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern at a Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria

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