Antimicrobial Resistance among Beta-Hemolytic Streptococcus in Brazil: An Overview

Abstract

Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis (SDSE) are the beta-hemolytic streptococci species with the most clinical relevance to humans. These species are responsible for several infections, ranging from mild to life-threatening diseases. Although resistance to recommended drugs has not been so critical as detected in other species, it has occurred in diverse regions. In Brazil, it is possible to observe an increasing macrolide and lincosamide resistance trend due to the spread of polyclonal strains. Macrolide–lincosamide–streptogramin B (MLS) resistance phenotypes have been prevalent among S. agalactiae and S. pyogenes, while M phenotype (resistance only to macrolides) has prevailed among SDSE resistant isolates. Fluoroquinolone resistance is rare in this country, reported only in S.agalactiae and S.pyogenes. This is due to nucleotide substitutions in gyrA and parC genes. Reduced penicillin susceptibility and vancomycin resistance, detected in other regions, have not yet been reported in Brazil. Tetracycline is not a therapeutical option, and resistance has occurred at high levels, especially among S.agalactiae. These findings highlight the need for continuous monitoring in order to track the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance among beta-hemolytic streptococci species circulating in this country.

In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Activities of Ginkgolic Acid C15:1 against Streptococcus agalactiae Clinical Isolates

“…In addition, the antibiotic resistance of S. agalactiae is on the rise and spreading. − Alternative antibacterial strategies are thus urgently required to combat resistant S. agalactiae.…”

Current research update on group B streptococcal infection related to obstetrics and gynecology

“…The linB gene, which is linked to clindamycin resistance, can lead to an L phenotype, conferring resistance to lincosamides only ( Santana et al, 2020 ). The presence of antibiotic resistance genes, such as linB , in GBS strains highlights the importance of monitoring and understanding geographical variation in resistance patterns to inform treatment strategies and vaccine design ( Santana et al, 2020 ; Barros, 2021 ; Mudzana et al, 2021 ). The inactivation of lincosamide antibiotics mediated by the lnu gene was first reported in Enterococcus faecium HM1025 ( Bozdogan et al, 1999 ).…”

Synergistic Activity of Thymol with Commercial Antibiotics against Critical and High WHO Priority Pathogenic Bacteria

“…agalactiae is the main pathogen of bovine mastitis, but it is also a human pathogen, especially for immunocompromised patients [87][88][89]. Although the acquisition of ABX resistance in streptococci has not been as critical as that detected in the other two bacteria, probably due to the much more limited horizontal spread of resistance genes [90], a multitude of cases occur worldwide [91,92].…”