Antimicrobial properties against Aeromonas hydrophila and immunostimulant effect on Clarias gariepinus of Piper betle, Psidium guajava, and Tithonia diversifolia plants

Abstract

Aquaculture of the African catfish Clarias gariepinus has rapidly increased in SouthEast Asia over recent years, which has now become one of the most cultivated species. This culture intensification has resulted in the development of various diseases, among which the Motile Aeromonas Septicaemia (MAS) caused by Aeromonas hydrophila. The present study aimed at investigating the potential of three plants, Piper betle, Psidium guajava and Tithonia diversifolia, to prevent this disease using an enriched fish diet during four weeks. Though the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations of acetone-extracts were relatively high (2-32 mg mL-1 and 8-64 mg mL-1 , respectively), all 3 plant powders imbedded in feed significantly reduced fish mortalities following an experimental infection with A. hydrophila, as indicated by relative percent survivals (RPS) ranging from 77% to 79%. When used in combination, the 3 plant extracts showed no interaction in vitro. Even though they improved RPS in comparison with controls, they were, however, less efficient in reducing mortalities than single plants. None of the plant-enriched diet had a clear effect on blood cell count or on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (except for P. betle, which significantly increased ROS production after infection); however, both individual plants and their combinations significantly limited the drop of haematocrit following infection. Altogether, these results indicate that selection of plants for herbal therapy is complex and might depend on several in vivo criteria, and as such should not solely rely upon measurement of their antimicrobial activity.

Isolation and Characterization of Aeromonas jandaei from Nile Tilapia in Lake Volta, Ghana, and Its Response to Antibiotics and Herbal Extracts

“…The present study suggests that herbal extracts from GL, BL, and NL, when used individually or in combination (GBNL), inhibited the growth of A. jandaei GH-AS II based on results of the in vitro test, and the zones of inhibition increased with increasing concentrations. This finding lends support to similar observations by Nafiqoh et al (2020) in experimentation (in vitro test) with the leaf extracts of guava, betel Piper betle, and Mexican sunflower Tithonia diversifolia against A. hydrophila. Indeed, to achieve synergistic antimicrobial activities for better performance against the development of resistant strains, combination therapies-for instance, a combination of plant extracts with biochemical compounds-can increase the spectrum of antimicrobial activity (Akinyele et al 2017).…”

Antibacterial prophylaxis and molecular docking studies of ketone and ester compounds isolated from Cyperus rotundus L. against Aeromonas veronii

“…The log-rank pairwise comparison revealed that the survival trend for group F 3 was statistically similar to that of healthy fish. This was comparable to the recent research on feed-based plant formulation utilizing Piper betle, Psidium guajava, and Tithonia diversifolia, which was described as an antibacterial agent against A. hydrophila in African catfish with a survival rate of 77% -79% (Nafiqoh et al, 2020).…”

Improved growth performance, serum and mucosal immunity, haematology and antioxidant capacity in pikeperch ( Sander lucioperca ) using dietary water hyacinth ( Eichhornia crassipes ) leaf powder

“…In line with our results, several researches showed that herbal plant could act as powerful immunostimulant through stimulation of WBC and differential leucocyte production as the key factors of fish defence system against infectious disease (Nya & Austin, 2009; Talpur & Ikhwanuddin, 2012; Kapinga et al, 2018; Rajabiesterabadi et al, 2020). In contrast, dietary administration of Psidium guajava and Tithonia diversifolia in African catfish (Nafiqoh, Zairin, Lusiastuti, Sarter, Caruso & Avarre, 2020) and Aloe vera in tilapia (Gabriel et al, 2015) could not enhance WBC, lymphocyte, neutrophil and monocyte at the end of the feeding trial.…”

“…Although the mode of action to which secondary metabolites show immunestimulatory effects in WLP is still needed to be clarified. Supporting this hypothesis, obtained contrary results in case of different herbal species can be as a result of diverse bioactive molecules and their quantity in the plants structure (Nafiqoh et al, 2020; Rufchaei et al, 2020).…”