Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for the treatment of oral infections: A systematic review

Screening Antibacterial Photodynamic Effect of Monascus Red Yeast Rice (Hong-Qu) and Mycelium Extracts

“…Currently, the aPDT is mainly studied using in vitro or animal models; in 2022, there were only 200 clinical trials reported [ 23 ]. The aPDT is suitable mainly for topical application to eradicate resistant microorganisms which can be the case of oral infections associated with the development of periodontal disease [ 24 ] or the treatment of non-healing skin wounds[ 25 ], including diabetic foot ulcers [ 26 ]. Since ROSs generated at aPDT could damage not only pathogenic microorganisms but also tissue host cells, studies have been conducted to address the cytotoxicity of aPDTs.…”

Polypyridyl-based Co(iii) complexes of vitamin B6 Schiff base for photoactivated antibacterial therapy

“…6,10,11 This therapy is also reported to reduce bleeding and inflammation. 12 It is highly selective towards target pathogenic bacteria without affecting healthy tissues. 6,12 In aPDT, upon activation by a specific wavelength of light, a photo-responsive molecule (called photosensitizer (PS)), is reported to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill bacteria.…”

“…12 It is highly selective towards target pathogenic bacteria without affecting healthy tissues. 6,12 In aPDT, upon activation by a specific wavelength of light, a photo-responsive molecule (called photosensitizer (PS)), is reported to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill bacteria. 13–15 The generated ROS species kill bacteria by oxidatively damaging the fundamental structures of bacteria, i.e.…”

“…, cell membrane and cell wall. 6,12,15 Also, ROS hinder the protein synthesis process, impair DNA, damage bacterial biofilms, and promote death factors after entering bacterial internal structures. 15,16 Owing to the multi-targeting nature of the produced ROS, aPDT has the potential to inactivate bacterial strains regardless of the developed drug resistance, and more importantly, it is highly likely to present an excellent antibacterial effect compared to current antibiotics.…”

“…6,16,17 Overall, aPDT offers a new mechanism of action to kill bacteria upon light exposure to overcome the drawbacks of standard bacterial agents. 6,12,18 Also, the development of resistance to aPDT is very difficult compared to standard bacterial agents owing to several factors, such as the (i) short drug-light interaction, (ii) the absence of dark toxicity from photosensitizers, making it hard for bacteria to trigger adaptive responses, (iii) the extensive damage inflicted during PDT, inhibiting cross-generational adaptability, and (iv) the fact that aPDT offers a broad-spectrum targeting approach compared to specific clinical antibiotics. 6,12,18…”