Antimicrobial drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica in commercial poultry value chain in Chitwan, Nepal

Nelson, Amy; Manandhar, Sulochana; Ruzante, Juliana; Gywali, Arrogya; Dhakal, Bimala; Dulal, Santosh; Chaulagai, Rupendra; Dixit, Sameer

doi:10.1186/s42522-020-00025-4

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Salmonella isolated from poultry farms show critically high resistance to ampicillin (100%), amoxicillin (99%), and tetracycline (98%) in Bangladesh [44]. Salmonella isolated from poultry samples also show high resistance to colistin, ciprofloxacin, doxytetracycline, kanamycin, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (42.1-97.6%) [5,6,[14][15][16][17]25]. The resistance patterns commonly observed in Salmonella isolates from poultry include amoxicillin-ampicillin-ciprofloxacin-erythromycin-gentamycin-penicillin-sulfamethaxole-tetracycline (26.4%) and ampicillin-streptomycin-amoxicillin/clavulanic acid-cephalothin-ceftiofur-cefoxitin (39.7%) [24,44].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Poultry is known to harbor significant numbers of Salmonella serovars without showing clinical signs of the infection [3]. Salmonella prevalence is relatively high in chickens and, consequently, farm environments [4][5][6]. On the other hand, the infected flocks without previous vaccination could be result in almost 100% morbidity and about 20% mortality [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

et al. 2021

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Background and Aim: Salmonella is one of the leading causes of zoonotic and foodborne infectious outbreaks in humans and poultry and its associated environment is a potential reservoir of Salmonella. In recent years, the antibiotic resistance of bacteria, including Salmonella, has been increasing. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry, its environment, and the pest animals found at poultry farms and households of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Materials and Methods: A total of 3,055 samples were collected from the broiler farms and households of the Mekong Delta from 2017 to 2020. Salmonella was isolated using conventional methods (culturing on selective agar – BPLS and biochemical test) and the isolates were examined for antibiotic resistance against 14 antibiotics using the disk diffusion method. Results: Salmonella was isolated from 181 samples (5.92%), which included chicken feces (7.67%), pest animals (5.98%), and environmental samples (4.33%). The environmental samples comprised bedding (5.88%), feed (5.48%), and drinking water (0.70%). The prevalence of Salmonella was the highest in rats (15.63%) and geckos (12.25%) followed by ants (2.83%) and cockroaches (2.44%); however, Salmonella was not isolated from any fly species. Most of the isolates exhibited resistance to 1-9 antibiotics. The isolates were relatively resistant to chloramphenicol (62.98%), tetracycline (55.80%), ampicillin (54.14%), and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (53.04%). Sixty-two multiple resistance patterns were found in the isolates, with ampicillin-cefuroxime-chloramphenicol-tetracycline- sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim being the most frequent (7.18%). Conclusion: The chickens, husbandry environment, and pest animals at poultry farms and households were found to be important Salmonella sources in the Mekong Delta. Salmonella isolates from these sources also exhibited a wide-ranging resistance to antibiotics as well as several resistance patterns. Hence, biosecurity should be addressed in poultry farms and households to prevent cross-contamination and reduce the spread of Salmonella infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

et al. 2021

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“…The rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens could be the result of improper maintenance of the use of antibiotics among food animals [14,22]. Studies from various countries have revealed the existence of antibiotic residues in poultry products [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Prevalence Of Bacteria In the Poultry Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Detected in Poultry Products in Mandya, India

Moktan¹,

Venkataraman²,

Shrestha³

2023

Arch Pharm Pract

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Antimicrobials blended at a subtherapeutic level to improve feed efficiency and growth are becoming more popular. Antibiotic use in foodproducing animals results in the deposition of drug residues in meat and eggs. Evidence of infection by environmental and agricultural organisms is emerging. As Southern India makes a significant contribution to the poultry product of India, we intend to identify possible organisms in poultry products, as well as their antibiotic resistance patterns, in Mandya, Karnataka, India. The sample from the freshly sacrificed chicken was taken from each of the seven taluks in the Mandya district. Gram staining followed by a biochemical test was performed to isolate the organisms. The antibiotic susceptibility test (AST) was performed by a modified Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method and AST was interpreted using the Clinical Laboratory Standard Guideline (CLSG) 2020. A total of 105 samples were collected from seven taluks in the Mandya district. Of these, 94.29% (99/105) of samples were cultured positive for bacterial growth. At least 71.43% of each poultry product was culture positive for bacteria. The predominance of nine different organisms was observed. Almost all isolated organisms were resistant to lincomycin (95.96%), bacitracin (88.89%), and erythromycin (82.83%). Organisms developed minimal resistance to gentamicin (3.03%) and ciprofloxacin (16.16%). The study concluded that the poultry products were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Salmonella spp., Morganella morgani, and NFGNB. All of these organisms have developed multi-drug resistance.

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“…In Nepal, in spite of burgeoning poultry industry, proper biosecurity measures are often overlooked [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poor biosafety and biosecurity practices and haphazard antibiotics usage in poultry farms in Nepal hindering antimicrobial stewardship

Poudel

Sharma²,

Dhital³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Poultry industry in Nepal has experienced remarkable growth in the last decade, but farm biosafety and biosecurity measures are often overlooked by farmers due to lack of knowledge or to save cost. As a result, farms often suffer from sporadic and regular outbreaks of many zoonotic diseases such as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), impacting production and creating public health challenges. Poor farm management practices, including overuse of antibiotics for prophylaxis and therapeutics, can complicate the spread of poultry diseases by creating and enhancing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) that is threating to both, poultry, and human health. We assessed biosafety, biosecurity risks and AMR stewardship in sixteen poultry farms located in four districts (Ramechhap, Nuwakot, Sindhupalchowk, and Kavre) surrounding densely populated Kathmandu valley. Risk assessment and AMR stewardship evaluation questionnaire were administered to formulate biosafety and biosecurity compliance matrix (BBCM). Risk assessment checklist assessed facility operations, personnel and standard operating procedures, water supply, cleaning and maintenance, rodent/pest control and farm record keeping. Oral and cloacal samples from the poultry were collected, pooled, and screened for eight poultry pathogens using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) tests. Based on BBCM, we identified one of the farms in Sindhupalchowk (Farm 4) having the most (BBCM score= 67%) and a farm in Kavre (Farm 3) to having the least (BBCM score= 12%) biosafety and biosecurity compliance. Although most of the farms (61.6%) followed general poultry farming practices, only half had clean and well-maintained farms. Personal safety standard procedure compliance (BBCM score = 42.4%) and rodent control (BBCM score = 3.1%) were the biggest gaps. At least one of either bacterial or viral pathogen was detected in all farms. Mycoplasma gallisepticum was the most common disease detected in all but one farm, followed by Mycoplasma synoviae. Although more than half of the farmers considered AMR a threat, over 26% of them used antibiotics as a preventive measure and 81% did not consider withdrawal period for antibiotics prior to processing of their meat products. Additionally, antibiotics classified as Watch and Restrict by the WHO were frequently used by the farmers to treat bacterial infections in their farms. Lack of awareness and inadequate enforcement of regulations have exacerbated the risk of disease transmission in farms and compromised antimicrobial stewardship.

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Antimicrobial drug resistant non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica in commercial poultry value chain in Chitwan, Nepal

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Salmonella isolated from poultry and its environment in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

The Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria Detected in Poultry Products in Mandya, India

Poor biosafety and biosecurity practices and haphazard antibiotics usage in poultry farms in Nepal hindering antimicrobial stewardship

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