Antimicrobial drug resistance mechanisms among Mollicutes

Development of Resistance to Clarithromycin and Amoxicillin-Clavulanic Acid in Lactiplantibacillus plantarum In Vitro Is Followed by Genomic Rearrangements and Evolution of Virulence

“…Earlier ( 15 ), in a model of the ubiquitous commensal bacterium Acholeplasma laidlawii , which is a representative of a taxon (class Mollicutes ) phylogenetically close to lactobacilli, we showed that even bacteria associated with the smallest prokaryotes capable of independent reproduction, like classical bacteria ( 16 , 17 ), may use more than one adaptation scenario to one antimicrobial drug, and the development of antibiotic resistance is accompanied by changes in their genomic profile and virulence in vitro ( 8 ) and in vivo ( 15 ). The virulence analysis of A. laidlawii in vivo was performed in Drosophila melanogaster , an organism used for a wide range of model studies, in relation to which representatives of the Mollicutes class can be commensals and/or pathogens ( 18 ).…”

“…The data obtained in recent years testifying to a variety of sophisticated ways of bacterial survival under conditions of selective antibiotic pressure associated with multiple, including large-scale, changes in the genomic profile by noncanonical mechanisms and unpredictable trajectories of virulence evolution determine the need to revise our ideas about the possibilities of adaptation of microbes to stressors and conduct detailed studies of antibiotic resistance scenarios in pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacteria under different environmental conditions in vivo and in vitro to develop a global control system for the emergence and spread of new types of pathogens. The number of reports that detail the development of antibiotic resistance under conditions of selective pressure in commensals and are accompanied not only by point mutations of target proteins but also by large-scale genomic rearrangements associated with the resistome and mobilome as well as the evolution of virulence is growing ( 3 – 8 ). In this regard, special attention is required for the widespread in nature commensals and probiotic bacteria actively used in pharmacology and the food industry ( 9 ).…”

Antibiotic resistance among clinical Ureaplasma isolates from Cuban individuals between 2013 and 2018

“…The mechanism of macrolide resistance in clinical Ureaplasma spp. is less well characterized, as resistance is mediated by the mutation of many genes and genotypic analysis of resistant phenotypes is not always performed to identify all possible resistance-mediating mutations [4]. Govender et al .…”

“…The mechanism of macrolide resistance in clinical Ureaplasma spp. is less well characterized, as resistance is mediated by the mutation of many genes and genotypic analysis of resistant phenotypes is not always performed to identify all possible resistancemediating mutations [4]. Govender et al found 26.7 % erythromycin-resistant isolates in pregnant women, that carried alterations in L22 ribosomal protein associated with this resistance [19].…”

“…Mutations in one or both of the two copies of 23S rRNA in the genome or insertions/deletions of amino acids in the L4 and L22 ribosomal proteins were previously linked to macrolide resistance. The induction of point mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of the parC gene is the predominant mechanism of resistance to fluoroquinolones, while acquisition of the gene encoding the Tet(M) ribosomal protection protein within the Tn916-like mobile element is associated with resistance to tetracycline [4]. Various studies on the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and resistance mechanisms of genital mycoplasmas have been found to vary widely over different geographical regions [5][6][7].…”