Antimicrobial dressing of silver sulfadiazine-loaded halloysite/cassava starch-based (bio)nanocomposites

Abstract

(Bio)nanocomposites have been studied for biomedical applications, including the treatment of wounds. However, wound infection is one of the main problems of wound care management, and the use of wound dressings with antibacterial agents is essential. This work focused on developing and characterizing silver sulfadiazine-loaded halloysite/cassava starch-based (bio)nanocomposites potentially suitable as antimicrobial dressing. Silver sulfadiazine was complexed inside the halloysite nanotubes lumen, and the drug-loaded nanotubes were incorporated in thermoplastic starch dispersion, forming the (bio)nanocomposites. The silver sulfadiazine-loaded halloysite and the (bio)nanocomposite were characterized by zeta potential, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy. The dressing properties of (bio)nanocomposites (water vapor permeability and mechanical stability) and their antimicrobial efficacy by Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus were also evaluated. Physicochemical studies suggested the silver sulfadiazine-loaded halloysite complexation (zeta potential of −38.9 mV) and its interactions with the starch forming the nanocomposites. The silver sulfadiazine-loaded halloysite/starch-based (bio)nanocomposites possessed a homogeneous and organized structure. Also, they had mechanical properties to be used as a dressing (13.73 ± 3.09 MPa and 3.17 ± 1.28% of elongation at break), and its permeability (6.18 ± 0.43 (10−13) g.Pa−1.s−1.m−1) could be able to maintain the environmental moisture at the wound surface. Besides that, the (bio)nanocomposites acted against the studied bacteria, being a potential contact antimicrobial and biodegradable wound dressing. Finally, the developed (bio)nanocomposites are semi-occlusive and good candidates for dry wounds to be widely in vitro and in vivo tested as controlled silver sulfadiazine delivery dressing.

Application Effect of Silver-Containing Dressings in the Repair of Chronic Refractory Wounds

“…Percentage of wound healing% = healing area/original wound area × 100%. Wound scars in the two groups were observed: before treatment and after 1 month of treatment, the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) [ 11 ] was used to assess the thickness of the scar (0 indicates the same height as the surrounding normal skin, 1 indicates ≤2 mm higher than normal skin, 2 indicates 2 to 5 mm higher than normal skin, and 3 indicates >5 mm higher than normal skin), color (0 indicates that the scar color is similar to the skin of normal parts of the adjacent body, 1 indicates a slight pink color, 2 indicates a mixed color, and 3 indicates a darker color), softness (0 indicates normal, 1 indicates soft, 2 indicates flexible and bendable, 3 indicates hard, that is, inelastic and lumpy during hand pressure, 4 indicates that the tissue is cord-like, and 5 indicates contracture deformity), and vascularity (0 indicates that the scar color is similar to the normal parts of the body, 1 indicates that the pink local area is slightly higher, 2 indicates that the red local area is increased, and 3 indicates that the purple or dark red area is abundant) in four aspects, and the score indicates that the scar hyperplasia is more severe. The wound infection of the two groups was observed: the wound was cultured for bacteria, and the results of bacterial culture were analyzed.…”

Silver Sulfadiazine: Action on Burn Wound Sepsis and Infections

“…[3][4][5][6] As a end result of the low adhesion and inefficient drug penetration withinside the skin, traditional formulations are simplest utilized in confined circumstances, mainly for long-time period wound remedy, ensuing in low affected person compliance. 7 Chemical Structure of Silver Sulfadiazine 8 ISSN: 2250-1177…”

Injectable Multifunctional Drug Delivery System for Hard Tissue Regeneration under Inflammatory Microenvironments

“…Such features provide a hydrophilic and hydrophobic ligand capacity for HNTs − that facilitates functionalization with small therapeutic molecules such as DEX for controlled drug release . Recent studies have reported on the promising ability of HNTs to function as a drug carrier platform to enhance bone regeneration, − stimulate cartilage formation, , target specific cancer cells, , and accelerate wound healing. , However, the literature still lacks studies that investigate strategies for hard tissue regeneration mediated by a drug delivery system composed of DEX and HNTs. In this investigation, we postulate that devising a drug delivery system that leverages the established pleiotropic capacity of DEX with the well demonstrated biocompatibility of GelMA and the controlled release benefits of drug loading into Halloysite could pave the way toward an innovative therapeutic strategy to amplify the regeneration of oral mineralized tissues by resident stem cells under inflammatory environments.…”