Antimicrobial Control of Bacterial Plaque and Calculus and the Effects of these Agents on Oral Flora

Abstract

An in vivo clinical program investigated the relationship among oral microorganisms, bacterial plaque, and calculus formation. Benzethonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, and Vancomycin provided a moderate reduction in bacterial plaque accumulation (30 to 35%). Hexachlorophene was relatively ineffective. One antibiotic, CC 10232, consistently furnished substantial reductions in plaque formation (70 to 77%) and calculus formation (75%). Only Vancomycin significantly reduced the gram-positive population. None of the antimicrobial agents caused changes in the staphylococcal or yeast populations.

A method to compare four mouthrinses:

“…In reality, these results are not inconsistent with other studies investigating the gingivitis and plaque inhibitory properties of CPC and triclosan mouthrinses. Thus, studies have tended to show superior efficacy of CPC mouthrinses over placebo formulations for plaque, albeit considerably less than chlorhexidine (Volpe et al . 1969, Ciancio et al .…”

The effect of toothpaste on the propensity of chlorhexidine and cetyl pyridinium chloride to produce staining in vitro: a possible predictor of inactivation

“…Such reduced side‐effects of CPC supports the idea that the antiseptic could have longer adjunctive use for oral hygiene, even accepting the apparent reduction in efficacy compared to CHX. In this respect, short term experimental studies have shown that mouthwashes containing CHX or CPC provide plaque inhibitory and anti‐gingivitis effects ( Sturzenburger & Leonard 1969, Volpe et al 1969, Löe & Schiott 1970, Cianco et al 1975, Holbeche et al 1975, Barnes et al 1976, Lobene et al 1979, Ashley et al 1984, Jenkins et al 1991, Binney et al 1992, Moran et al 1994) compared to a placebo. However, many of these studies were conducted in the absence of normal oral hygiene practices.…”

Interaction of Zinc with Dental Mineral

“…Such agents are the diphosphonates [Herforth et al, 1977], pyrophosphates [Zacherl et al, 1985;Schiff, 1986] and zinc salts [Stephen et al, 1987;Segreto et al, 1991], When incorporating anticalculus agents it is important to ensure that they do not undermine the anticaries benefit of the pastes and to know the mode of action of the chosen agent. Currently available com pounds inhibit plaque mineralisation [Stookey et al, 1989] and/or plaque growth [Volpe et al, 1969[Volpe et al, ,1970Singh et al, 1972], An extensive clinical study revealed that toothpastes containing 0.5% zinc citrate trihydrate (ZCT) reduced cal culus prevalence without affecting caries incidence at 0.8 and 1.2% sodium monofluorophosphate (SMFP) [Ste phen et al, 1987[Ste phen et al, ,1988, equivalent to 1,000 and 1,500 ppm fluoride.…”