Antimicrobial associated diarrhoea in the horse. Part 1: Overview, pathogenesis and risk factors

McGorum, Bruce; Pirie, R. S.

doi:10.2746/095777309x476871

Cited by 16 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 59 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…Clostridial organisms are more commonly associated with diarrhoea secondary to antimicrobial administration but Salmonella spp. have also been reported [1,13,14]. In our study, Salmonella spp.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…This is not surprising given the widespread use of antimicrobials to treat or pre‐empt equine infectious disease. The clinical relevance of AAD is that it often prolongs hospitalisation, increases cost of treatment and, most importantly, results in a significantly greater mortality risk in affected horses [1]. For example, a 7‐year study of 122 horses with acute diarrhoea admitted to a veterinary teaching hospital found that those with a history of antimicrobial treatment that preceded diarrhoea were 4.5 times less likely to survive [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are many studies looking at the incidence of diarrhoea associated with individual antimicrobials [1,5,8,10,[13][14][15]. Based on these studies, the incidence varies from 3-52%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial‐associated diarrhoea in three equine referral practices

Barr

Waldridge

Morresey

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Summary Reasons for performing study: Although antimicrobial‐associated diarrhoea (AAD) is the most frequently observed adverse effect of antimicrobial therapy in horses, few multicentred studies on the prevalence of AAD have been performed. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of AAD in horses that developed diarrhoea after antimicrobial treatment for nondiarrhoeic conditions and identify the antimicrobials used. Methods: The 2009 database of 3 referral hospitals was searched to identify nonhospitalised horses (weanling age or older) treated with antimicrobials for nongastrointestinal conditions. Horses with these criteria that presented with diarrhoea during 2009 were included in the study. Additional information, including antimicrobial administered and results of faecal pathogen testing, was gathered on each hospitalised case. Results: Of the 5251 horses treated with antimicrobials for nongastrointestinal signs, 32 were diagnosed with probable AAD, a prevalence of 0.6% (95% confidence interval: 0.43–0.86%). The AAD‐diagnosed horses had an 18.8% (6/32) mortality rate. Horses with AAD had been treated for an average of 4.2 days. The most frequently used antimicrobials in horses with AAD were gentamicin in combination with penicillin (n = 7), enrofloxacin (n = 7) and doxycycline (n = 4). Clostridium difficile was identified in faecal samples from 4 horses, 2 of which died and Salmonella from 3 horses. Conclusions: Results indicated that the prevalence of AAD is low. Any antimicrobial class commonly used in equine practice is a potential cause of equine AAD. Other risk factors, such as opportunistic enteropathogens, may play a part in the development of diarrhoea secondary to antimicrobial usage. Potential relevance: Although the risk of equine AAD is low, this sequela of antimicrobial treatment is possible especially when opportunistic enteropathogens or other risk factors are present. Because drugs from any antimicrobial class can be potentially involved in AAD, clinicians have additional incentive to ensure the judicious use of antimicrobial agents.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Antimicrobial‐associated diarrhoea in three equine referral practices

Barr

Waldridge

Morresey

et al. 2012

Equine Veterinary Journal

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“…None of the horses included in our study population developed postoperative diarrhea in contrast to the 6.3% of horses reported by Weese et al Diarrhea is the most commonly recognized adverse effect of antimicrobial treatment in horses, which is associated with an alteration of the intestinal microflora, and may result in severe colitis . Niedermann has stated that “excessive and inappropriate use of antimicrobial agents remains one of the most important factors affecting antimicrobial resistance patterns.” Specific studies on this topic in horses are rare, but use of antimicrobials is a risk‐factor for colonization of horses with methicillin resistant S. aureus .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Postoperative Septic Arthritis After Elective Equine Arthroscopy Without Antimicrobial Prophylaxis

Borg

Carmalt

2013

Veterinary Surgery

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“…The cause of the diarrhoea 12 days post operatively is not known, but is possibly not surprising given the alteration in feed types and patterns and prolonged use of multiple types of antibiotic medication. The risk factors for antibiotic associated diarrhoea are, however, poorly described in the horse (McGorum and Pirie 2009).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of equine gastric impaction by gastrotomy

Parker¹,

Barr

Dixon

2011

Equine Veterinary Education

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Summary A 6‐year‐old Warmblood gelding was referred for treatment of a traumatic shoulder wound and while hospitalised developed a large gastric impaction which was unresponsive to medical management. Gastrotomy as a treatment for gastric impactions is rarely attempted in adult horses due to the limited surgical access to the stomach. This report describes the successful surgical treatment of the impaction by gastrotomy and management of the post operative complications encountered.

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Antimicrobial associated diarrhoea in the horse. Part 1: Overview, pathogenesis and risk factors

Cited by 16 publications

References 59 publications

Antimicrobial‐associated diarrhoea in three equine referral practices

Antimicrobial‐associated diarrhoea in three equine referral practices

Postoperative Septic Arthritis After Elective Equine Arthroscopy Without Antimicrobial Prophylaxis

Treatment of equine gastric impaction by gastrotomy

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