Antimicrobial, Antiviral Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Essential Oil Extracted from Achillea fragrantissima Plant Growing In Sinai Peninsula, Egypt

Abstract

Medicinal plants are considered new resources for producing agents that could act as alternatives to antibiotics in treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of essential oil extracted from Achillea fragrantissima plant growing in Egypt for antimicrobial, antiviral activities and chemical composition analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). We also performed determination of essential oil antimicrobial activity by agar desk diffusion method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Also, antiviral activity on ORF virus by pock reduction test was performed. It was reduced virus titer from 5.9 to 1.00 at 180 minutes. Detection of beta lactams resistant bacteria (Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli) by PCR with primers of mecA gene and Bela gene. The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation was analyzed by GC-MS. The major components were found to be Santolina triene (1.97%), 2,5,5-trimethyl-3,6-heptadien-2-ol (8.23%) Eucalyptol 8.17, trans-2,7-Dimethyl-4,6octadien-2-ol (24.40%), 1,5-Heptadien-4-one-3,6-trimethyl (7.65%), Artemisia alcohol (3.49%), à Thujone (33.97%), Cissabinol (1.92%), Lavandulol (0.71%), 2-Octen-4-ol, 2-methyl (2.02%), 3-Cyclohexen1ol,4-methyl1 (1 methylethyl) (CAS) (2.15%), à terpineol ( 0.05% ), Estragole (0.71%) Lavandulyl acetate (0.49%), Sabinyl acetate (2.12 %), Germacrened (0.94%). Finally, our study proved that the essential oil has bactericidal effect on some bacterial resistant antibiotic (Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli ) as well as antiviral activity on ORF virus but it is still need further extensive studies for safety and drug interaction. Antimicrobial, Antiviral Activity and GC-MS Analysis of Essential IntroductionMedicinal plants still constitute one of the major source of drugs in modern as well as traditional medicine throughout the world [1,2]. Since a long period of time, plants have been a valuable source of natural products for maintaining animals and human health [2,3]. The development of multidrug-resistant(MDR) bacteria takes place because of the accumulation of different antibiotic resistance mechanisms inside the same strain which able to live in the presence of antibiotics drugs so that standard treatments become ineffective [4,[14][15][16]. Although, the pharmacological companies have produced a number of new antibiotics recently, but even then microorganism resistance to antibiotics increased throughout the world [5,7]. This situation has attract attention of researchers towards herbal products for developing and improve the antibacterial drugs quality [6,7].Natural products of higher plants may possess a new source of antimicrobial agents with possibly novel mechanisms for treatment of infectious diseases [8,9]. Medicinal plants contain active principles which can be used as alternative effective herbal dru...

Phytochemical Constituents of Leaves Essential oils of Achillea fragrantissima (Asteraceae) from Iraq

“…7), from all this component, the number and percentage of sesquiterpenes component were four compounds; methyl 3,4-tetradecadienoate, betacubebene, beta-selinene, and benzofuran, 7-cyclohexyl-2,3-dihydro-2-methyl-which represented 7.01% from all compounds in essential oil, and monoterpenes were 35 compounds (61.40%). Our results agree with other literatures, monoterpenes are the principal components of Achillea essential oils (Zeedan, et al, 2014;Mottaghi, et al, 2016). Furthermore, 1, 8-cineole (20.1%), camphor (15.6%), and viridiflorol (11.8%) the three most abundant monoterpene components (Toker, et al, 2003).…”

“…Most researchers reported that santolina alcohol, artemisia ketone, cis-thujone, and trans-thujone were the major constituents in A. fragrantissima (Shalaby and Ricchter, 1964;El-Deeb, 1985;Hifnawy, et al, 2001;El-Shazly, et al, 2004;Abaas, et al, 2013;and Alsohaili and Al-fawwaz, 2014). In addition, borneol and 1,8-cineole (Gohari, et al, 2011;Mazandarani, et al, 2013;Zeedan, et al, 2014). However, our results vary in the chemical composition of essential oils of A. fragrantissima, as well as the number and ratio of chemical components.…”

“…These differences might be due to the diversity of the plant sources, different essential oil hydrodistillation procedures or growth conditions. In Egypt, the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation analyzed using GC-MS was found that the major components of A. fragrantissima were thujone (33.97%), eucalyptol 8.17, artemisia alcohol (3.49%), santolina triene (1.97%), and terpineol (0.05%) (Zeedan, et al, 2014). Alsohaili (2018) revealed that the chemical composition of essential oil of A. fragrantissima contains trans-sabinyl acetate (0.75-10.20%), α-terpineol (3.53-9.39%), trans-menth-2-en-1-ol (6.5-13.34%), and β-thujone (11.34-22.11) using GC-MS, whereas Choucry (2017) reported that the major components were caryophyllene oxide (23.50%) and 1-terpinen-4-ol (11.15).…”

Antimicrobial Properties of Plant Essential Oils against Human Pathogens and Their Mode of Action: An Updated Review

“…In addition, moderate activity was observed for B. subtilis, S. aureus, Sarcina lutea, and E. coli with inhibitory zones ranging from 20 to 25 mm [36]. Similarly, Achillea fragrantissima essential oil was effective against S. aureus , S. epidermidis , and E. coli with the highest inhibition zone of 26 mm, 16 mm, and 16 mm, respectively [19]. In a study by Radaelli et al [127], a major food-borne disease-causing agent, C. perfringens , was inhibited by essential oils of Brazilian MAPs such as basil, rosemary, marjoram, peppermint, thyme, and Pimpinella anisum (anise).…”

“…Roy et al [100] indicated the potential antiviral activity of Trachyspermum ammi oil against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV). Similarly, Zeedan et al [19] reported the antiviral activity of Achillea fragrantissima against the ORF virus (a parapox virus). More recently, Pourghanbari et al [145] evaluated in vitro antiviral activity of M. officinalis (lemon balm) essential oil and oseltamivir and their synergistic effect on avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2.…”