Antimicrobial and Cytotoxicity Activities of Medicinal Plants against Salmonella gallinarum Isolated from Chickens

Abstract

Medicinal plants have been the good source of treatment for different ailments of humans as well as animals for centuries. However, in Tanzania, few plants were investigated for their efficacy against various diseases of chickens. In the present study, four medicinal plants were investigated against Salmonella gallinarum isolated from chickens. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) using the broth microdilution methods and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBCs) were used to evaluate the activities of plants against chicken salmonellosis. For the safety of chickens against the toxicity of plants, the cytotoxicity assay was determined using a brine shrimp lethality test. Aloe secundiflora leaf ethyl acetate (ALEA), Aloe rabaiensis leaf methanolic (ArM), Aloe rabaiensis leaf ethyl acetate (ArLEA), and Punica granatum leaf ethyl acetate (PGLEA) extracts exhibited the highest MIC (0.3906 mg/mL) and MBC (3.125 mg/mL), respectively. The Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber ethyl acetate (DTEA) and Dolichos kilimandscharicus tuber pet ether (DTPE) extracts displayed MIC of 1.563 mg/mL and 12.50 mg/mL and MBC of 12.50 mg/mL and 25.50 mg/mL, respectively. The highest LC50 values exhibited in Dolichos kilimandscharicus ranged from 7.937 × 10−4 mg/mL to 7.242 × 10−2 mg/mL for pet ether and methanolic extracts, respectively, while ALEA extract exhibited LC50 of 7.645 × 10−3 mg/mL. Generally, the extracts with MIC 0.3906 mg/mL and MBC 3.125 mg/mL demonstrated the highest antibacterial activity with low toxicity efficient to manage chicken salmonellosis. Dolichos kilimandscharicus, which exhibited higher toxicity, warrants further investigation on insecticidal and anticancer agents.

Silver nanoparticle biosynthesis utilizing Ocimum kilimandscharicum leaf extract and assessment of its antibacterial activity against certain chosen bacteria

“…and Mkangara et al . [ 29 , 30 ] with some modifications, extracts of O. kilimandscharicum and silver nanoparticles were assessed to determine their bactericidal concentrations. A sterile swab was used to transfer the contents from wells (3 wells downstream) where no color changes had occurred to fresh sterile Petri plates for further incubation.…”

“…The minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) is defined as the lowest concentration at which colony growth is inhibited. In line with the methodology proposed by Lemma et al and Mkangara et al [29,30] with some modifications, extracts of O. kilimandscharicum and silver nanoparticles were assessed to determine their bactericidal concentrations. A sterile swab was used to transfer the contents from wells (3 wells downstream) where no color changes had occurred to fresh sterile Petri plates for further incubation.…”

Prevention and Control of Human Salmonella enterica Infections: An Implication in Food Safety

“…Herbs and spices are collected from different plant parts [ 253 ]. Herbs are harvested from the plant's leaves, while spices are the bark, seeds, fruits, berries, roots, flowers, aril, or pods [ 254 ].…”

“…Punica granatum, Myrtus communis, and Thymus daenensis were used in some African countries, including Tanzania, in folk medicine due to antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties attributed to phenolics and flavonoids [252]. Herbs and spices are collected from different plant parts [253]. Herbs are harvested from the plant's leaves, while spices are the bark, seeds, fruits, berries, roots, flowers, aril, or pods [254].…”

Cytotoxic Activity of Herbal Medicines as Assessed in Vitro: A Review

“…It can also provide valuable information on genotoxic and carcinogenic dispositions which reflect the complicated effects of compounds in herbal medicines [25] . The ability of herbal extracts and natural compounds to inhibit cellular viability, growth, proliferation and colony formation can be ascertained as an indication of cytotoxicity, [26] which is widely applied in drug discovery and basic research to screen and identify the toxic compounds and provide guidance for the design and development for in vivo assessment [27–29] . Natural compounds with cytotoxic effects can prevent cellular attachment, cause obvious morphological alterations, inhibit cell cycle and DNA replication leading to significantly decreased cell viability [30,31] .…”