Antimicrobial and antifungal activities of Cordia dichotoma (Forster F.) bark extracts

Abstract

Cordia dichotoma Forst.f. bark, identified as botanical source of Shlesmataka in Ayurvedic pharmacopoeias. Present study was carried out with an objective to investigate the antibacterial and antifungal potentials of Cordia dichotoma bark. Antibacterial activity of methanol and butanol extracts of the bark was carried out against two gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and two Gram positive bacteria (St. pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus). The antifungal activity of the extracts was carried out against three common pathogenic fungi (Aspergillus niger, A.clavatus, and Candida albicans). Zone of inhibition of extracts was compared with that of different standards like Amplicilline, Ciprofloxacin, Norfloxacin and Chloramphenicol for antibacterial activity and Nystain and Greseofulvin for antifungal activity. The extracts showed remarkable inhibition of zone of bacterial growth and fungal growth and the results obtained were comparable with that of standards drugs against the organisms tested. The activity of extracts increased linearly with increase in concentration of extract (mg/ml). The results showed the antibacterial and antifungal activity against the organisms tested.

The genus Cordia: botanists, ethno, chemical and pharmacological aspects

“…In the study of Panghal et al (2011a) and Pinhol et al (2012), the acetone extract of C. dichotoma also showed significant antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Another study utilizing the extract of the bark of C. dichotoma revealed that E. coli and P. aeruginosa were most sensitive in relation to S. aureus and S. pyogenes when evaluating the antibacterial activity of this species (Nariya et al, 2011). Evaluated the antibacterial activity of different concentrations of the standard hydroalcoholic extract, obtained from the leaves of C. verbenacea against S. aureus and E. coli.…”

Traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of the medicinal species of the genusCordia(Boraginaceae)

“…[137,145,146,[160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168] The essential oil collected from C. curassavica, C. verbenacea and alcohol extract of C. alliodora, C. boissieri, C. dichotoma and C. monoica showed an effect against various strains of bacteria, fungi and yeast. [137,160,164,165,167,168] Pure phytochemicals such as cordiaquinones A, B, E, F, G, J and K, 3a-hydroxyolean-12-en-27-oic acid, 8,…”

“…[164] C. americana Antimicrobial Aqueous and hydroalcoholic extract were found to be the most effective against herpes simplex virus type 1 [206] Anti-inflammatory Ethanol extract of leaves showed potent inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase, p38a with IC 50 value of 0.69 and 3.25 lg/ml and moderate inhibition of TNF-a [99] C. boissieri Antimicrobial Methanol extract of the leaves and flowers demonstrated antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 250 lg/ml) and Candida glabrata (MIC 125 lg/ml), respectively [165,166] Antioxidant Methanol extract of the flowers was found to inhibit oxidation of methyl linoleate by 95.8% [169] C. curassavica Antimicrobial The essential oil obtained from aerial parts showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis (MIC 0.75-1.00 mg/ml), Sarcina lutea (MIC 0.62 mg/ml), Vibrio cholera (MIC 0.125-0.375 mg/ml) and Rhizoctonia solani (IC 25 0.1300 mg/ml), while hexane extract was active against Trichophyton mentagrophytes (IC 50 = 230 mg/ml) [146,160,161] Larvicidal The essential oil as well as aqueous, acetone and methanol extract of leaves shown potent larvicidal activity against third-instar and 2-3 larval instars of Aedes aegypti, respectively [205,207,211] C. cylindrostachya Antimicrobial The neutral fraction of leaves was found to inhibit growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus spp. and Bacillus subtilis [75] C. dichotoma Antimicrobial The methanol and butanol extract of the bark inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus clavatus and Candida albicans [167] The ethanol extract of the leaves was also demonstrated significant antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Vibrio cholera, Streptococcus epidermis, Hafnia and Escherichia coli [188] Antioxidant Methanol and butanol extract of the bark showed significant DPPH radical scavenging activity and also increased ferric reducing power in reducing power assays [170] The methanol extract and taxifolin-enriched methanol fraction of seeds also showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH radical scavenging assay [174] Antiulcer Oral administration of ethyl acetate, butanol and butanone fraction of fruit at a dose of 300 mg/kg to the rat significantly reduced gastric secretion, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index in three different models, that is pyloric ligation and indomethacin-and aspirininduced ulcers [184] Analgesic The ethanol extract of leaves showed significant analgesic activity in acetic acid-induced writhings in mice at a dose of 500 mg/kg …”

Exploring Phytochemicals and Pharmacological Uses of Cordia Dichotoma (Indian Cherry): A Review

“…It was found that the plant extract showed significant antimicrobial activities against all microorganisms and Zone of inhibition of extracts was compared with that of different standards like ampicillin, ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin and chloramphenicol. 10 .…”

“…Many phytoconstituents like flavonoids, terpenes, alkaloids, tannins and glycerides having different pharmacological action were screened and isolated from C. dichotoma. Many researchers reported various pharmacological applications of C. dichotoma such as Anti-ulcer 1 , Contraceptives 2 , anti-inflammatory [3][4][5][6] anthelmintic, analgesic, anticancer 4,7 , Antioxdant 8, 9 , antimicrobial 10 , antifungal 10 , hepatoprotective 11 and diuretic purposes and for treating digestive system, respiratory, urogenital, cardiac, vascular and blood disorders. So far only few numbers of comprehensive reviews has been compiled from the literature encompassing the therapeutics uses of cordial dichotoma.…”