Antimicrobial Activity of Seeds and Leaves of Myristica fragrans against Multi-resistant Microorganisms

Abstract

Abstract:Myristica fragrans, known as nutmeg, is used in food applications. In traditional medicines, the seeds and leaves are used to treat skin, respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases. Limited antibacterial activity has been reported for this plant. The present study aimed to screen the decoction and methanolic extracts of the seeds and leaves of M. fragrans against Staphylococcus aureus NCTC 6571, five strains of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 10662, Escherichia coli NCTC 10418, as well as essential oils from both parts against a panel of resistant bacteria and Candida spp. in order to identify potential antimicrobial activity. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated using well (well diameter: 12 mm) and disc diffusion methods (disc diameter: 6 mm). The decoction and methanolic extract of leaves and methanolic extract of seeds of M. fragrans showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and all five MRSA strains with zones of inhibition (ZOI) = 16.0 ± 0.0 mm to 19.0 ± 0.0 mm. The decoction and methanolic extract of both parts did not show inhibitory activity against E. coli and P. aeruginosa. However, both essential oils showed inhibitory activity against S. aureus and the five MRSA strains, as well as E. coli (ZOI = 9-15 mm). The essential oils from seed showed activity against all tested multi-resistant bacteria (ZOI = 7-12 mm). The essential oils from leaves showed activity against Klebsiella pnemoniae, Acinetobacter spp., Enterobacter cloacae and group A beta-haemolytic streptococcus (ZOI = 8-12 mm). The essential oils showed inhibitory activity against all tested Candida species (ZOI = 8-15 mm). The decoction, methanolic extract and essential oils of leaves have potential activity against sensitive and resistant S. aureus. This is the first report of inhibition of multi-resistant bacteria and Candida spp. by the essential oils of leaves and seeds of M. fragrans which could be utilized for pharmaceutical applications.

Therapeutic, and pharmacological prospects of nutmeg seed: A comprehensive review for novel drug potential insights

“… PAULINE, Sangeetha, Manikandan, Loganathan, & Kalaiarasi, 2019 Antifungal and antimicrobial activity Aqueous extract of nutmeg To test antimicrobial activity of Nutmeg seed extract-Graphene quantum dots against S.aureus, P.aeroginosa, S.mutans, Salmonella sp, E.coli and M.Trichophyton . Minimum inhibitory concentration Nutmeg extracted GQD showed bactericidal activity against MRSA and E. coli compared with the conventional commercially available mycoplasma removal agents, GQD was able to show similar results with a small dose 10 µgml-1 Thileepan, Thevanesam, & Kathirgamanathar, 2017 Antibacterial activity aqueous seed extract of nutmeg To test the antibacterial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles of nutmeg against (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi Methods used in the study included MIC and well diffusion methods. Significant antibacterial activity was exhibited against G + and G- bacteria.…”

Unraveling the antimicrobial activity of nutmeg and turmeric essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella spp.

“…The effectiveness of NEO against E. coli, Salmonella typhi, and S. aureus has already been demonstrated previously (Omoruyi & Emefo, 2012). The antimicrobial activity is due to active components, such as monoterpene hydrocarbons (α-pinene, β-pinene, and sabinene), oxygenated monoterpenes, and aromatic ethers (myristicin, elemicin, and safrole) (Jansen & Westphal, 1999;Thileepan et al, 2017). In contrast, TEO has also been pointed out as without antimicrobial activity against Salmonella choleraesuis (Franco et al, 2007).…”

“…However, for S. aureus A1, it was obtained if MIC > 10%. The antimicrobial effect of NEO against S. aureus has been previously demonstrated (Thileepan et al, 2017). Furthermore, compounds from nutmeg, such as trimyristin, myristic acid, and myristicin, are some of those responsible for antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli (Narasimhan and Dhake, 2006).…”