Antimicrobial Activity of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles from Syzygium aromaticum against the Five Most Common Microorganisms in the Oral Cavity

Abstract

Syzygium aromaticum (clove) has been used as a dental analgesic, an anesthetic, and a bioreducing and capping agent in the formation of metallic nanoparticles. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial effect in oral microorganisms of biogenic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) formed with aqueous extract of clove through an ecofriendly method “green synthesis”. The obtained AgNPs were characterized by UV-Vis (ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy), SEM-EDS (scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy), TEM (transmission electron microscopy), and ζ potential, while its antimicrobial effect was corroborated against oral Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms, as well as yeast that is commonly present in the oral cavity. The AgNPs showed absorption at 400–500 nm in the UV-Vis spectrum, had an average size of 4–16 nm as observed by the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM), and were of a crystalline nature and quasi-spherical form. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed inhibition zones of 2–4 mm in diameter. Our results suggest that AgNPs synthesized with clove can be used as effective growth inhibitors in several oral microorganisms.

Evaluation of Usnea barbata (L.) Weber ex F.H. Wigg Extract in Canola Oil Loaded in Bioadhesive Oral Films for Potential Applications in Oral Cavity Infections and Malignancy

“…Recently, another study proved antifungal activity of a hydroethanolic extract from Astronium urundeuva leaves loaded into a nanostructured lipid system with 0.5% P407 ® against C. albicans and C. glabrata [ 95 ]. Previous studies [ 96 , 97 ] included the most common oral cavity pathogens responsible for various opportunistic infections in immunocompromised patients, S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , and C. albicans. Our F-UBO oral biofilms revealed a dose-dependent inhibitory activity against S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , C. albicans , and C. parapsilosis.…”

In Vitro Anticancer Activity of Mucoadhesive Oral Films Loaded with Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Dry Acetone Extract, with Potential Applications in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Complementary Therapy

“…Moreover, we evaluated the UBA antimicrobial potential on bacterial and fungal strains responsible for opportunistic oral cavity infections in elderly and/or immunocompromised patients [ 78 , 79 , 80 ]: S. aureus , S. pneumoniae , S. pyogenes , Enterococcus sp., other Gram-positive bacteria isolated from oral cavity and pharynx ( S. epidermidis , S. oralis , S. intermedius ) and P. aeruginosa [ 34 , 81 , 82 , 83 ]. It was also tested on C. albicans and C. parapsilosis [ 83 ].…”

“…Because OSCC decreases immune defense, the oral cavity becomes more susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. Therefore, UBA-loaded mucoadhesive oral films could inhibit S. aureus , P. aeruginosa , and Candida sp., which are responsible for opportunistic oral infectious diseases in immunocompromised patients [ 78 , 79 ]. These results proved the chemotherapeutic effect of UBA-loaded mucoadhesive oral films.…”

Design, Characterization, and Anticancer and Antimicrobial Activities of Mucoadhesive Oral Patches Loaded with Usnea barbata (L.) F. H. Wigg Ethanol Extract F-UBE-HPMC

“…In their previous studies, Jardón-Romero et al [ 104 ], Rafey et al [ 105 ], and Thiyahuddin et al [ 106 ] considered S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, C. albicans, and C. parapsillosis as the most frequent pathogens responsible for opportunistic oral cavity infections in immunocompromised and older people; we previously examined UBE inhibitory activity against these microbial species [ 90 ]. Our results showed that oral mucoadhesive patches loaded with U. barbata dry ethanol extract have a dose-dependent inhibitory activity against these microorganisms.…”