Antimicrobial Activity and Phytochemical Analysis of Organic Extracts from Cleome spinosa Jaqc.

Abstract

Due to the use of Cleome spinosa Jacq. (Cleomaceae) in traditional medicine against inflammatory and infectious processes, this study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial potential and phytochemical composition of extracts from its roots and leaves. From leaves (L) and roots (R) of C. spinosa different extracts were obtained (cyclohexane: ChL and ChR; chloroform: CL and CR; ethyl acetate: EAL and EAR, methanol: ML and MR). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by the broth microdilution method to obtain the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and microbicidal (MMC) concentrations against 17 species, including bacteria and yeasts. Additionally, antimicrobial and combinatory effects with oxacillin were assessed against eight clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. All C. spinosa extracts showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, as they have inhibited all tested bacteria and yeasts. This activity seems to be related to the phytochemicals (flavonoid, terpenoids and saponins) detected into the extracts of C. spinosa. ChL and CL extracts were the most actives, with MIC less than 1 mg/mL against S. aureus, Bacillus subtilis, and Micrococcus luteus. It is important to note that these concentrations are much lower than their 50% hemolysis concentration (HC50) values. Strong correlations were found between the average MIC against S. aureus and their phenolic (r = −0.89) and flavonoid content (r = −0.87), reinforcing the possible role of these metabolite classes on the antimicrobial activity of C. spinosa derived extracts. Moreover, CL and CR showed the best inhibitory activity against S. aureus clinical isolates, they also showed synergistic action with oxacillin against all these strains (at least at one combined proportion). These results encourage the identification of active substances which could be used as lead(s) molecules in the development of new antimicrobial drugs.

Antibiofilm and Antihyphal Activities of Cedar Leaf Essential Oil, Camphor, and Fenchone Derivatives against Candida albicans

“…Essential oils have been widely used to developing drugs for the treatment of various diseases, and are easily accessible (da Silva et al, 2016 ; Myszka et al, 2016 ; Tutar et al, 2016 ). Essential oils from wood, bark, leaves, and flowers are used in folk medicine because they represent an inexpensive alternative to modern medicines.…”

Inhibition of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase 1 (NDM-1) Producing Escherichia coli IR-6 by Selected Plant Extracts and Their Synergistic Actions with Antibiotics

“…Furthermore, although all six plant extracts inhibited NDM-1 activity and increased the membrane permeability of NDM-1 E. coli , the actual compound responsible for the action may be different. The most common site of action for plant secondary metabolites is cell membrane; however, the combinatory effects of antibiotics with natural antibacterial agents may help to overcome bacterial resistance through several interesting strategies and delay the recurrence of resistant bacteria ( Kao et al, 2010 ; Wink et al, 2012 ; dos Santos et al, 2015 ; Silva et al, 2016 ). Interestingly, all the plant extracts in combination with colistin, meropenem, and tetracycline reduced the MIC of the antibiotic from 4- to 16-fold.…”

Antifungal and Antivirulence Activities of Hydroalcoholic Extract and Fractions of Platonia insignis Leaves against Vaginal Isolates of Candida Species

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