Antimalarial activity of medicinal plants from the Democratic Republic of Congo: A review

Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genusEntandrophragmaover the 50 years from 1967 to 2018: a ‘golden’ overview

“…Additionally, the authors obtained an IC 50 of 17.69 ± 2.16 μg/ml and 23.18 ± 8.10 μg/ml for the dichloromethane fraction of E. palustre against the respective strains 3D7 and W2 . Further in vivo analyses demonstrated that the oral administration of stem bark extract of E. palustre (300 mg/kg) to mice infected with Plasmodium berghei showed good antimalarial activity with 52.1% of chemosuppression . The in vitro antimalarial activity of E. caudatum extract was determined with the flow cytometric test and yielded an IC 50 value between 2 and 5 μg/ml.…”

Plants as antimalarial agents in Sub-Saharan Africa

“…Antimalarial activities of medicinal plants from the DRC were reviewed by Memvanga et al (2015). Several plant-derived formulations were tested in human clinical trials and three plantderived drugs (Manalaria®, Nsansiphos®, and Quinine Pharmakina®) were licensed in the DRC (Memvanga et al, 2015).…”

“…Several plant-derived formulations were tested in human clinical trials and three plantderived drugs (Manalaria®, Nsansiphos®, and Quinine Pharmakina®) were licensed in the DRC (Memvanga et al, 2015). This is a remarkable step given that DRC accounts for about 15% of global malaria deaths (Hay et al, 2010).…”

“…The antimalarial compounds include alkaloids (naphthylisoquinoline, bisbenzylisoquinoline, protoberberine and aporphine, indole, manzamine), terpenes (sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, diterpenes), quassinoids, flavonoids, limonoids, chalcones, peptides, xanthones, quinones and coumarins. According to Memvanga et al (2015), eight iridoids also display antiplasmodial activity: gaertneroside, acetylgaertneroside, methoxygaertneroside, epoxygaertneroside, dehydrogaertneroside, dehydromethoxygaertneroside, epoxymethoxygaertneroside and gaertneric acid. Dike et al (2012) cited several plants that contain various antimalarial chemicals: A. occidentale (tannins), M. indica (glycosides, saponims, steroids and tannins), A. congensis (alkaloids), G. kola (biflavonoids, xanthones and benzophenones), A. indica (isoprenoids and their derivatives such as gedunin), P. guajava (flavonoids, carbohydrates and saponins), C. citratus (terpenoids, aldehydes), M. lucida (danacanthal), N. latifolia (flavonoids, saponnin, terpenoids and tannins), M. charantia (triterpenoids and balsaminols), and F. exasperata (tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, anthraquinone glycosides, and reducing sugars).…”

“…Dike et al (2012) cited several plants that contain various antimalarial chemicals: A. occidentale (tannins), M. indica (glycosides, saponims, steroids and tannins), A. congensis (alkaloids), G. kola (biflavonoids, xanthones and benzophenones), A. indica (isoprenoids and their derivatives such as gedunin), P. guajava (flavonoids, carbohydrates and saponins), C. citratus (terpenoids, aldehydes), M. lucida (danacanthal), N. latifolia (flavonoids, saponnin, terpenoids and tannins), M. charantia (triterpenoids and balsaminols), and F. exasperata (tannins, saponins, flavonoids, steroids, anthraquinone glycosides, and reducing sugars). Several chemical structures of plants from the DRC had high in vitro activities against various strains of P. falciparum (IC 50 < 1 µg/ml): strychnogucine B, ancistrocongoline A, isochondodendrine, ancistrocongoline B, cocsoline, korupensamine, ancistroealaine B, ellagic acid, physalin B, ancistrolikokine D, cryptolepine, hydroxycryptolepine, neocryptolepine and yadanziolide (Memvanga et al, 2015). Muganga et al (2010) explained that F. africana was known to possess ferruginol, a compound with strong antimalarial activity (IC 50 of 1.95 µg/ml).…”