Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Effects of<i>Crocus sativus</i>L. and its Main Constituents

Boskabady, Mohammad Hossein; Farkhondeh, Tahereh

doi:10.1002/ptr.5622

Cited by 109 publications

(81 citation statements)

References 116 publications

(163 reference statements)

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“…Crocus sativus L. (Iridaceae), known as saffron and Krokos in Greece, tends to become extremely popular in modern therapeutics and preventive medicine. Until nowadays, it is commonly used in food supplements and as herbal tea …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, chemical characterization and determination of crocetin's pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract to C57/BL6J mice

Christodoulou

Grafakou

Skaltsa

et al. 2018

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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Objectives To prepare a lyophilized saffron aqueous extract (SFE) and determine its chemical profile and serum and tissue pharmacokinetics after intravenous and oral administration to C57/Bl6J mice. Methods Lyophilized SFE was prepared, characterized using semi‐preparative HPLC and NMR analysis, and stability studies at room temperature, and was quantified for crocin content with an HPLC‐PDA method. After intravenous and oral administration of SFE (60 mg/kg, reconstituted with water for injection) to C57/Bl6J mice, crocetin (derived from in vivo crocin hydrolysis) serum and tissue levels (unconjugated and total) were measured with an HPLC‐PDA method and subjected to compartmental and non‐compartmental PK analysis. Key findings Saffron aqueous extract was rich in all‐trans‐crocin (27.8 ± 0.1% w/w) and stable for more than 15 months. One‐compartment PK model described crocetin's (unconjugated) kinetics after intravenous administration of SFE, while a first‐order kinetic parameter described the rate of crocetin biotransformation to crocetin metabolite (conjugated). Α οne‐compartment PK model with first‐order absorption described crocetin and crocetin's metabolite kinetics after SFE oral administration. Relative oral bioavailability was calculated at 1.17 for total crocetin. Tissue NCA PK analysis revealed extensive crocetin distribution to liver and kidneys. Conclusions SFE is a stable lyophilized extract rich in all‐trans‐crocin. The PK study allowed the estimation of basic PK parameters and the bioavailability of SFE’s main bioactive component, crocetin, after peros administration.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation, chemical characterization and determination of crocetin's pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract to C57/BL6J mice

Christodoulou

Grafakou

Skaltsa

et al. 2018

Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology

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“…For example, saffron and its constituents, crocin, crocetin and safranal, are potent antioxidants and can increase antioxidant activity and lower oxidative stress, as demonstrated via animal and in vitro models (Boskabady and Farkhondeh, 2016;Broadhead et al, 2016;Samarghandian et al, 2017). Saffron also has anti-inflammatory properties (Poma et al, 2012) and may modulate HPA activity in animal stress models by reducing levels of plasma corticosterone (Halataei et al, 2011;Hooshmandi et al, 2011).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

affron®, a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Lopresti

Drummond

Inarejos-García³

et al. 2018

Journal of Affective Disorders

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Esta es la versión de autor del artículo publicado en: This is an author produced version of a paper published in:Journal of Affective Disorders 232 (2018) However, this is the first study examining its mood-related effects in teenagers. MethodsIn this 8-week, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, youth aged 12 to 16 years, with mild-to-moderate anxiety or depressive symptoms were given tablets containing placebo or a saffron extract (affron ® , 14mg b.i. d). The youth and parent versions of the Revised ChildAnxiety and Depression Scale (RCADS) were used as outcome measures.Results 80 participants were enrolled and 68 completed the study. Based on youth self-reports, affron ® was associated with greater improvements in overall internalising symptoms (p = .049), separation anxiety (p = .003), social phobia (p = .023), and depression (p = .016). Total internalising scores decreased by an average of 33% compared to 17% in the placebo group (p=.029). However, parental reports of improvements were inconsistent as mean improvements in RCADS scores were greater in the saffron group (40% vs 26%) (p=.026), although no other significant differences were identified. affron ® was well-tolerated and there was a trend of reduced headaches in participants on the active treatment.Limitations: The use of a self-report instrument, limited study duration, single treatment dose, and non-clinical sample used in this study limit the generalisability of study findings. ConclusionThe administration of a standardised saffron extract (affron ® ) for 8 weeks improved anxiety and depressive symptoms in youth with mild-to-moderate symptoms, at least from the perspective of the adolescent. However, these beneficial effects were inconsistently corroborated by parents.

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“…Regarding the establishment of NAFLD, STZ is among others a suitable candidate for achieving a model of liver steatosis (21). Specifically, STZ induces hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, which eventually lead to an increased fat deposition in the hepatic tissue (22).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic effects of Crocus sativus and protective action against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic rats

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the result of the accumulation of adipose tissue deposits in the liver and it is associated with type 2 diabetes. Crocus sativus (saffron) is known for its antioxidant and its potential hypoglycemic effects. We investigated the role of saffron on NAFLD in diabetic rats. Thirty adult male rats were allocated into three groups; control (n=10), which received normal diet; streptozotocin (STZ) group (n=10), which received normal chow diet, 10% fructose in their drinking water and STZ (40 mg/kg body weight; STZ-saffron group (n=10), which followed the same dietary and pharmacological pattern as STZ group and were additionally supplemented with saffron (100 mg/kg/day). Metabolic profile was measured and histopathological examination of the liver was evaluated. STZ group exhibited the highest glucose levels at the end of the experiment (P<0.05), while there was no difference between control and STZ-saffron group (584 vs. 213 mg/dl vs. 209 mg/dl, respectively). STZ group revealed higher percentage of steatosis (5-33%) when compared to the other two groups (P<0.005). Saffron exhibits both hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective actions. Yet, further studies enlightening the exact mechanisms of saffron's mode of actions are required. IntroductionDiabetes mellitus, especially type 2 (T2D) worldwide affects approximately 2.8% of the population, a percentage that is estimated to reach 4.4% by 2030 (1). T2D is a multi-dimensional disease, accompanied with a variety of co-morbidities (2). Although, different drugs are successfully used for controlling blood glucose levels, they are ineffective in reversing or even withholding the progression of certain complications (3). A disease associated with the increased prevalence of T2D for which awareness has been raised over the last decade is non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (4,5). In patients with T2D, concurrent NAFLD might increase the risk of chronic kidney failure and the overall mortality rate (6). Nonetheless, control of the impaired glucose homeostasis and lipid concentrations inhibits micro-vascular complications and fat deposits accumulation in the liver tissue (7,8). Therefore, the main objective of medical treatment as well as prophylaxis in patients with T2D and NAFLD is metabolic control.Saffron, the dry stigmas of the plant Crocus Sativus has been used in folklore medicine as a potent drug for asthma, liver disease, pain and dysregulation of the estrus cycle since ancient times (9). Recently, assembling evidence has suggested the use of saffron as an anti-diabetic drug (10,11). The hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of total saffron and its extracts were reported in several animal studies involving experimental diabetes and its complications such as diabetic nephropathy and encephalopathy (12,13).Aim of our study was to evaluate the potential effect of total saffron on glycemic and lipid control in an experimental model of T2D and to investigate its protective effect in NAFLD, as a complication of diabetes....

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Antiinflammatory, Antioxidant, and Immunomodulatory Effects ofCrocus sativusL. and its Main Constituents

Cited by 109 publications

References 116 publications

Preparation, chemical characterization and determination of crocetin's pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract to C57/BL6J mice

Preparation, chemical characterization and determination of crocetin's pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous administration of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) aqueous extract to C57/BL6J mice

affron®, a standardised extract from saffron (Crocus sativus L.) for the treatment of youth anxiety and depressive symptoms: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Metabolic effects of Crocus sativus and protective action against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in diabetic rats

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