Antiinflammatory activities of Rubus coreanus depend on the degree of fruit ripening

Abstract

The dried unripe fruit of Rubus coreanus, which is well-known in Korea and referred to as 'Bok-bun-ja', has been employed as a traditional medicine for centuries. This crude drug is utilized in Korea for the management of impotence, spermatorrhea, enuresis, asthma and allergic diseases. The principal objective of the present study was to conduct a comparison of the antiinflammatory effects of ethanol extracts of the unripe (URCE), half-ripened (HRCE) and ripe fruits (RCE) of Rubus coreanus. URCE and HRCE were found to reduce the production of nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines, in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophages. However, RCE exerted no inhibitory effects against the production of NO and IL-6. The results of the study show that the degree of fruit ripening of Rubus coreanus affects the production of inflammatory mediators such as NO, PGE 2 and inflammatory cytokines.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Superbacterial Activity of Polyphenols Isolated from Black Raspberry

“…Unripe and semi-ripened fruits were found to reduce the production of NO and PGE 2 as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines. However, ripe fruit exerted no inhibitory effects against the production of NO and IL-6 [19]. …”

“…Previously, an anti-inflammatory response from the fruit polyphenols of the black raspberry was reported in murine macrophage cells [19]. However, the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the root polyphenols of this plant have not yet been evaluated.…”

Assessing medicinal plants from South-Eastern Spain for potential anti-inflammatory effects targeting nuclear factor-Kappa B and other pro-inflammatory mediators

“…and R. discolor Weihe & Nees), R. discolor displayed the most promising activity against IL-1␤ in the ethyl acetate fraction of a methanol extract (Yesilada et al, 1997). Unripe fruits of Rubus coreanus Miquel have also been shown to be inhibitory to the production of PGE 2 (Park et al, 2006b;Yang et al, 2007).…”

Anti-inflammatory effect of a standardized triterpenoid-rich fraction isolated from Rubus coreanus on dextran sodium sulfate-induced acute colitis in mice and LPS-induced macrophages

“…In particular, the 19α-hydroxyursane-type triterpenoids, niga-ichigoside F 1 and 23-hydroxytoementic acid are well-known pharmacologically active principles in Rubus species. Several reports have been issued on the anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of niga-ichigoside F1 and 23-hydroxytoementic acid (Ardenghi et al, 2006;Nam et al, 2006) and of extracts of Rubus coreanus Yang et al, 2008;Kim et al, 2012a). In a previous study, we found that nigaichigoside F1 and 23-hydroxytormentic acid isolated from Rubus coreanus exhibited anti-inflammatory effects in a carrageenaninduced acute inflammatory model (Choi et al, 2003) and in an adjuvant-induced arthritic animal model (Nam et al, 2006).…”