Antihypertensive Therapy in the Aged Patient

Abstract

The incidence of both systolic and diastolic hypertension is increased in elderly patients, therefore antihypertensive drugs are commonly used in this population. In addition to changes in blood pressure, the aging process also causes numerous changes in other physiological parameters, resulting in altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to the drugs. The dosage regimens for thiazide diuretics and amiloride must be individually titrated in the elderly patient, since the elimination of these agents decreases concurrently with decreased renal function, as indicated by compromised creatinine clearance. The initial doses of the calcium antagonists should be decreased in elderly patients, since representative compounds from all 3 chemically heterogeneous classes have been shown to have decreased clearance in these patients which appears to be primarily due to the status of hepatic function in the patient. However, with verapamil, the dosage should be further decreased in association with compromised renal function. The dosage of the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors should be adjusted according to renal function rather than age. Lisinopril, which is primarily eliminated unchanged, is usually given in lower doses in the elderly, and doses of both captopril and enalapril may need to be reduced, depending on renal function. While there is no need to adjust the dosage regimen for the alpha-adrenoceptor blocking drugs (prazosin, terazosin), caution should be used with the beta-adrenergic blockers, particularly the hydrophilic agents, since they are renally eliminated. Labetalol may be a suitable alternative beta-blocker for the elderly patient, since its pharmacodynamic properties of decreased systemic vascular resistance without changes in heart rate or stroke volume are preferential for the elderly patient, and its pharmacokinetics are relatively unchanged in this population. Drugs that act primarily through the central nervous system, such as clonidine, methyldopa and guanfacine, require smaller doses in the presence of renal dysfunction. In contrast, guanabenz is metabolised primarily by the liver, so it would appear to be useful in elderly patients with renal dysfunction despite the lack of studies in this population. Guanadrel, an adrenergic neuron blocking drug, also requires a dosage reduction in patients with impaired renal function. In addition to the pharmacokinetic changes that occur in the elderly patient, pharmacodynamic changes may also be anticipated due to receptor modifications. Older patients have a decrease in beta-receptor sensitivity, while alpha-receptor sensitivity does not change. When designing the dosage regimen for a senior patient with hypertension, the combination of all these variables must be considered.

Calcium Antagonists in the Elderly

“…Plasma CL of calcium antagonists tends to be lower in the elderly than in younger adults (Kelly & O'Malley 1992;Piepho & Fendler 1991), probably due to decreased hepatic extraction. Half-life (tI/2) values may not parallel this, since tl/2 is dependent on volume of distribution (V d) as well as on CL as follows:…”

Effects of Amlodipine Orotate on Hypertension-related Complications in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats

“…Generally, the aging process causes many changes in the physiological parameters, i.e. the alterations of the vessel wall reactivity, decreased blood flow, and organ (liver, renal, and gastric) function, resulting in altered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses to specific drugs [4,5]. Furthermore, the drug bioavailability is often altered in subjects with a low gastric acidity (hypo-or anacidity) [6].…”