Abstract:Current data on use of antihistamines during breastfeeding and risks to the breastfed infant are insufficient. The aim of this systematic review was to provide an overview of studies measuring the levels of antihistamines in human breast milk, estimating the exposure for breastfed infants and/or reporting possible adverse effects on the breastfed infant. An additional aim was to review the antihistamine product labels available in the European Union (EU) and the United States. We searched seven online database… Show more
“…However, safety in pregnancy has been shown for cetirizine and loratadine only, and these drugs are therefore preferred 192,193 . The use of sgAHs such as loratadine and cetirizine is also advised in breastfeeding women 4 , as nursing infants can develop sedation from first-generation antihistamines secreted into breast milk 194 . Omalizumab is reported safe in pregnancy 115,[195][196][197][198] and in younger children, although current licensing is for individuals aged 12 years and older 146 .…”
Section: Treatment Of Special Populationsmentioning
Angioedemaan intermittent, localized and self-limiting swelling of the subcutaneous or submucosal tissue, due to a temporary increase in vascular permeability, causing tingling, burning, tightness and, sometimes, pain.
“…However, safety in pregnancy has been shown for cetirizine and loratadine only, and these drugs are therefore preferred 192,193 . The use of sgAHs such as loratadine and cetirizine is also advised in breastfeeding women 4 , as nursing infants can develop sedation from first-generation antihistamines secreted into breast milk 194 . Omalizumab is reported safe in pregnancy 115,[195][196][197][198] and in younger children, although current licensing is for individuals aged 12 years and older 146 .…”
Section: Treatment Of Special Populationsmentioning
Angioedemaan intermittent, localized and self-limiting swelling of the subcutaneous or submucosal tissue, due to a temporary increase in vascular permeability, causing tingling, burning, tightness and, sometimes, pain.
“…As UV absorbers, phenothiazine and many of its derivatives serve as electron donors for a range of CT systems. − Conversely, certain phenothiazine derivatives, such as promethazine, chlorpromazine, and methotrimeprazine, exhibit biological activity as H 1 blockers, i.e., antihistamines, and have a clinical significance as antiemetic and antipsychotic medications. − The antiviral properties of some of them raised quite an interest during the COVID-19 pandemic as potential agents against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. − …”
The importance of electrochemical analysis for chargetransfer science cannot be overstated. Interfaces in electrochemical cells present certain challenges in the interpretation and the utility of the analysis. This publication focuses on: (1) the medium polarity that redox species experience at the electrode surfaces that is smaller than the polarity in the bulk media and (2) the liquid-junction potentials from interfacing electrolyte solutions of different organic solvents, namely, dichloromethane, benzonitrile, and acetonitrile. Electron-donor−acceptor pairs of aromatics with similar structures (i.e., 1-naphthylamine and 1-nitronaphthalene, 10-methylphenothiazine and 9-nitroanthracene, and 1aminopyrene and 1-nitropyrene) serve as redox analytes for this study. Using the difference between the reduction potentials of the oxidized donors and the acceptors eliminates the effects of the liquid junctions on the analysis of charge-transfer thermodynamics. This analysis also offers a means for evaluating the medium polarity that the redox species experience at the surface of the working electrode and the effects of the liquid junctions on the measured reduction potentials. While the liquid-junction potentials between the dichloromethane and acetonitrile solutions amount to about 90 mV, for the benzonitrile-acetonitrile junctions, the potentials are only about 30 mV. The presented methods for analyzing the measured electrochemical characteristics of donors and acceptors illustrate a means for improved evaluation of the thermodynamics of chargetransfer systems.
“…This observation underlines the importance of having sufficient safety data available on the transfer of medicines to breastmilk. However, the available data on this subject are currently scarce [ 44 ], and for some medicines only consist of (single) case reports or case series with a limited number of included cases [ 45 ]. Hence, more attention for clinical lactation studies and non-clinical research methods to enhance our knowledge on this subject is also warranted [ 26 , 46 , 47 ].…”
A Teratology Information Service (TIS) does not exist in Belgium yet but will hopefully be established soon. To prepare for this, we aimed to provide insight into the information needs and counseling preferences of the Belgian public and healthcare professionals (HCPs) regarding medication use in pregnancy and breastfeeding. A cross-sectional study using two anonymous, online surveys disseminated via social media, websites, and newsletters addressing Dutch and French-speaking individuals (≥18 years) and licensed HCPs was performed between June and September 2020. Ethics approval and informed consent were obtained. In total, 1508 public survey respondents (98% women) and 702 HCPs participated. Information needs on perinatal medication use were ubiquitous among both groups, and for which they often relied on patient information leaflets or the product information and online fora. Conflicting information on this topic regularly occurs and complicates HCPs’ duties. Women and HCPs assigned an important role to a TIS, both in terms of providing evidence-based information (via a website or app) and being accessible to be contacted in case of questions (by phone or via e-mail or chat). In conclusion, a TIS would be warmly welcomed by women and HCPs in Belgium and should ideally be established soon to address current information needs regarding perinatal medication use and to contribute to research in this field.
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