Antiglycoxidative properties of amantadine – a systematic review and comprehensive in vitro study

Abstract

An important drug used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease is amantadine. We are the first to perform a comprehensive study based on various glycation and oxidation factors, determining the impact of amantadine on protein glycoxidation. Sugars (glucose, fructose, galactose) and aldehydes (glyoxal, methylglyoxal) were used as glycation agents, and chloramine T was used as an oxidant. Glycoxidation biomarkers in albumin treated with amantadine were generally not different from the control group (glycation/oxidation factors), indicating that the drug did not affect oxidation and glycation processes. Molecular docking analysis did not reveal strong binding sites of amantadine on the bovine serum albumin structure. Although amantadine poorly scavenged hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide, it had significantly lower antioxidant and antiglycation effect than all protein oxidation and glycation inhibitors. In some cases, amantadine even demonstrated glycoxidant, proglycation, and prooxidant properties. In summary, amantadine exhibited weak antioxidant properties and a lack of antiglycation activity.

Agomelatine's antiglycoxidative action—In vitro and in silico research and systematic literature review

“…To differentiate the results obtained for agomelatine, aminoguanidine was used, as a known protein oxidation inhibitor, and α-lipoic acid (ALA), as an antioxidant. The concentration of all additives was 1 mM (based on in vitro , kinetic studies), in proportion to the high concentrations of the glycating agents ( 21 – 26 ).…”

“…The glycation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was performed according to a previously published method ( 21 , 22 , 24 – 26 ). Promptly, BSA (>98% purity; protease- and fatty acid-free; 90 μmol/L) was dissolved in sodium phosphate buffer (0.1 M, pH 7.4), which included 0.02% sodium azide as a preservative.…”

“…Despite the fact that the concentrations of glycators were much higher than their physiological levels, they are useful for modeling in a comparatively short time the physiological processes occurring in the body over several months. Such conditions are applied routinely to determine the antiglycooxidant properties of new substances ( 21 , 22 , 24 – 26 , 30 ). The concentration of all additives was 1 mM (based on in vitro kinetic studies), in proportion to the high level of the glycating agents ( 21 , 22 , 24 – 26 , 30 ).…”

“…Such conditions are applied routinely to determine the antiglycooxidant properties of new substances ( 21 , 22 , 24 – 26 , 30 ). The concentration of all additives was 1 mM (based on in vitro kinetic studies), in proportion to the high level of the glycating agents ( 21 , 22 , 24 – 26 , 30 ). The study was performed in three independent experiments, each time in duplicate.…”

“…Molecular docking simulation was exercised by AutoDock Vina (grid size: 40 × 40 × 40; spacing located at 34.885, 23.976, and 98.792). To visualize the molecular docking, PyMOL 2.5 program was used ( 26 ).…”