Antigens of Adults and Third-Stage Larvae of the Meningeal Worm, <i>Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis</i> (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea)

Neumann, Norman F.; Pon, W. S.; Nowicki, Adam; Samuel, William; Belosevic, Miodrag

doi:10.1177/104063879400600214

Cited by 12 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Even among the animals that tested positive, the intensity of reaction to sA, as assessed by OD readings, was relatively low. These observations confirm previous suggestions 5,22 that unfractionated, adult somatic antigens may not be useful in the diagnosis of P. tenuis. The effectiveness of ES products of adult worms could not be assessed because live adult worms were not available at the time of the study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

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Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

et al. 1999

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Abstract. Three different antigen preparations of Parelaphostrongylus tenuis were assessed for their effectiveness in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to diagnose experimental infection of white-tailed deer (WTD). The antigen preparations were the excretory-secretory products of third-stage larvae (ES-L3), somatic antigens of third-stage larvae (sL3), and somatic antigens of the adult stage (sA) of P. tenuis. The relative sensitivities of the antigen preparations in indirect ELISA were ES-L3 Ͼ sL3 Ͼ sA. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to ES-L3 and sL3 could be detected 14 days postinfection and were consistently present in all infected animals from the first month to the end of the experiment at 5 months. In contrast, IgG antibodies to sA could not be detected at any time in 2 infected WTD. ES-L3 and sL3 proved reliable in the early detection of anti-P. tenuis antibodies and in the serological monitoring of experimentally infected animals. Significant cross-reactivity between all P. tenuis antigen preparations and sera from animals infected with parasites other than P. tenuis may preclude their use for field diagnosis. Nevertheless, isolation of unique P. tenuis antigen(s) should lead to the development of a specific serological test for infected white-tailed deer.White-tailed deer (WTD; Odocoileus virginianus) are commonly infected with the meningeal worm Parelaphostrongylus tenuis (Nematoda: Protostrongylidae) in most of the eastern half of North America. Prevalence rates of more than 80% have been reported. 4,15,28 goats, and llamas can also acquire infections when their grazing areas overlap that of WTD, and the results may be fatal. 1,16,20,33 Many closely related protostrongylid parasites share geographical and host preferences with P. tenuis. Parelaphostrongylus andersoni is present across North America and infects WTD 25 and caribou, 18 Elaphostrongylus rangiferi commonly infects caribou in Newfoundland, Canada, 17 whereas Parelaphostrongylus odocoilei infects WTD and mule deer 25 in western North America. Elaphostrongylus cervi naturally infects red deer and has been shown experimentally to cause severe neurological disease in mule deer. 12 Elaphostrongylus cervi has a wide geographical distribution but is believed to be absent in North America. 12,13 Current diagnosis of P. tenuis infection in WTD relies on the demonstration of the first-stage larvae (L1) in the feces of infected animals by the Baermann technique. The problems with the technique and its limitations for clinical diagnosis are well documented. 11,31 In a recent study 28 L1 were detectable in less than twothirds of 311 necropsy-confirmed, P. tenuis-infected WTD because of the failure of infected animals to excrete larvae or the limitation of the Baermann technique or both. Furthermore, because L1 of P. tenuis are indistinguishable from the L1 of many other protostrongylids, P. tenuis infection can be definitively diagnosed only by the recovery and identification of the adult worm from the central nervous system (CN...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…This study confirms the suggestion that antigens derived from the L3 may be more relevant than those from adults in the serodiagnosis of P. tenuis 22 and, furthermore, illustrates that, for purposes of serological diagnosis of P. tenuis in WTD, the excretory and secretory antigens are more sensitive than the somatic antigens of the L3.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

et al. 1999

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“…An experimental serologic assay known as the antigen capture ELISA and immunoblotting have been developed that would detect current meningeal worm infection by specifically identifying parasite molecules in host fluid. 7 Several types of inherited chondrodysplasia with disproportionate dwarfism have been reported in cattle. 9 In this case, the animal had proportionate and normal development of skeleton.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis and Vertebral Chondrodysplasia in a Calf

et al. 1997

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“…Immunodiagnosis appears to hold promise. Initial work done with antigens extracted from adult worms (Neumann et al, 1994) and infective thirdstage larvae (L3; Bienek et al, 1998) suggest that infected wapiti (Cervus elaphus) could be detected by serologic testing. Nevertheless, not all infected animals could be identified and cross-reaction occurred with antibodies against Dictyocaulus sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection of Anti-Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis Antibodies in Experimentally Infected and Free-Ranging Moose (Alces Alces)

Ogunremi

Lankester

Dergousoff

et al. 2002

Journal of Wildlife Diseases

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Confirming Parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in moose (Alces alces) and other susceptible hosts is difficult. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed using the excretory-secretory (ES) products of third-stage P. tenuis larvae (ES-ELISA) and the test applied to serum samples obtained from seven moose calves (5-9.5 mo old) given infective larvae (L3) in doses approximating those likely to be received in nature (3-30 L3). Anti-P. tenuis immunoglobulin G antibodies were detected in all seven inoculated moose during the course of infection until the termination of experiment 61-243 days post-inoculation (DPI). Five animals tested between 16-25 DPI had significant antibody levels, while a sixth animal did not test positive until 46 DPI. The seventh animal was not tested until 199 DPI. Antibody levels remained elevated in all five animals that harbored adult worms at the termination of the experiment. Whereas, antibody levels showed a gradual decline in the two remaining animals, presumably because of death of worms, and antibodies were undetected in one animal at the time of necropsy. The other animal displayed an anamnestic increase in antibody level following a challenge inoculation of infective larvae. Terminal and peak optical density (OD) values detected by ES-ELISA strongly correlated with inoculation dose (rϭ0.98, Pϭ0.02 and rϭ0.95, Pϭ0.04, respectively) among animals harboring adult worms (nϭ4) but not significantly with the number of worms recovered postmortem (peak OD, rϭ0.82, Pϭ0.18; terminal OD, rϭ0.93, Pϭ0.07). Unlike the ES products, use of somatic antigens of the adult worm in ELISA did not provide satisfactory results. Antibodies to P. tenuis were detectable by ES-ELISA in two of 21 free-ranging moose from an enzootic area but not from any of 23 animals from a non-enzootic area. The ES-ELISA appears to be a useful test for assessing exposure of moose to P. tenuis.

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Antigens of Adults and Third-Stage Larvae of the Meningeal Worm, Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis (Nematoda, Metastrongyloidea)

Cited by 12 publications

References 14 publications

Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

Evaluation of Excretory-Secretory Products and Somatic Worm Antigens for the Serodiagnosis of ExperimentalParelaphostrongylus TenuisInfection in White-Tailed Deer

Cerebrospinal Nematodiasis and Vertebral Chondrodysplasia in a Calf

Detection of Anti-Parelaphostrongylus Tenuis Antibodies in Experimentally Infected and Free-Ranging Moose (Alces Alces)

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