Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly Alpha Amino Acids)

Maurer, Paul H.; Gerulat, Bernard F.; Pinchuck, Paul

doi:10.1084/jem.119.6.1005

Cited by 15 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…It is clear that for > 4, Lys"-Ala3-N'-Dnp-Lys is immunogenic in certain guinea pigs. The apparent discrepancy between this finding and the earlier finding that a larger molecular weight random copolymer of lysine and alanine is not immunogenic (Maurer et al, 1964) may be due to the Dnp group, to the ordered nature of the copolymer, or to differing conditions of immunization. The minimum size of the peptide chain needed for immunogenicity or to elicit cellmediated immune responses appears to be eight amino acid residues, in keeping with previous findings in the Dnpoligolysine system where seven-eight were required (Schlossman and Yaron, 1970).…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series

Yaron¹,

Dunham²,

Schlossman³

1974

Biochemistry

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A new series of 2,4-dinitrophenyllysyl oligopeptides containing a trialanyl sequence was prepared for investigation of the minimal size requirements and influence of charge density on immunogenicity and the specificity of the immune response to those defined antigens. The Lys,-Alas-N'-DnpLys series of peptides was synthesized by: (1) stepwise synthesis of the tetrapeptide P la3-N'-Dnp-Lys benzyl ester ;(2) polymerization of Ne-Z-Lys-N-carboxyanhydride using the above tetrapeptide as the initiator; (3) removal of protecting groups; and (4) fractionation of the resulting Lys,-Ala3-N'-Dnp-Lys series into its individual components by ion exchange chromatography. All inbred strain 2 guinea pigs, when immunized with the unfractionated Lys,-Alas-N'-DnpLys (a = lo), Lysc-Ala,-N'-Dnp-Lys, or Lys7-Alar-W-DnpLys, responded by the development of delayed hypersensi-S ynthetic polypeptide antigens of defined chemical structure have been useful tools of immunochemical investigation (Sela, 1970). The dinitrophenyl (Dnp)-oligolysinel system has afforded a means of studying the chemical requirements for immunogenicity as well as the specificity of antibody and of cell-mediated immunologic reactions Paul et ai., 1970;Schlossman, 1972). It was established that the minimal chain length required for immunogenicity of polylysine and Dnp-oligolysines in guinea pigs is seven Llysine residues . We wanted now to find out whether it is possible to replace some of the lysines by other amino acid residues such as alanine. A series of oligopeptides of the general chemical structure of Lys,-Ala3-Nf-Dnp-Lys was prepared. These immunogens consist of an oligolysine part of varying chain length n and of a constant part Alas-N'-Dnp-Lys. The trialanyl sequence separates the oligolysine carrier from the Dnp-lysine hapten.It was expected that if a sequence of seven lysine residues is a prerequisite for immunogenicity, the smallest member of the series to be found immunogenic will be Lys7-Ala3-NC-Dnp-Lys.If, however, one, two, or three of the lysine residues can be

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 82%

Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series

Yaron¹,

Dunham²,

Schlossman³

1974

Biochemistry

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“…Tubes were placed in a cold room and observed for several weeks. Reactions were graded 0 to 4+ based on the intensity of the band or bands as in a previous report (9).…”

Section: Testing Of Sera--passive Cutaneous Anapkylaxis (Pca)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly Alpha Amino Acids). X. Studies with Polymers of D Amino Acids.

Maurer

1963

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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In continuation of studies to delineate some of the criteria for immunogenicity of synthetic random polymers of a-amino acids, we have investigated the contribution of the optical configuration of the amino acids. It was hoped that by studying the immunogenicity in several species of a variety of random terpolymers containing only D-a-amino acids or mixtures of D-and L-a-amino acids, some definite conclusions could be reached concerning the role of optical configuration in immunogenicity. Previously, we reported that two polymers consisting only of the D-a-amino acids, glutamic acid, alanine, and tyrosine (G60A40, G6oA30T10) 1 were not immunogenic in rabbits or guinea pigs (1), whereas the "isomeric" polymers of L-amino acids were effective immunogens (2, 3). Moreover, the polymer G60Aa0Ti0, made of I)-amino acids, could not act as a carrier in guinea pigs for the haptene specificity of arsanilic acid (4). The polymers employed in this study were optical variations of those previously shown to be immunogenic when made of L-a-amino acids. The findings on immunogenicity will be presented here and the immunochemical relationships of the polymers will be the subject of another publication. Materials and MethodsAntigens.--Random copolymers were prepared by the polymerization of the appropriate N-carboxy-a-amino acids anhydride of the configuration indicated in Table I, by methods referred to previously (1-5). The average molecular weights were obtained from viscosity measurements as well as from measurements with the analytical ultracentrifuge. 2 Some typica] sedimentation patterns of the preparations are shown in Fig. 1.

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“…[41,42] Such acidic environment of tumor is the basis of development of the pH-sensitive anticancer drug delivery systems such as pH-sensitive polymeric micelles. Such systems developed by using pH-sensitive polybase (poly (L-histidine)), [43] pH-sensitive linkages (hydrazone linkage), [44] or by introducing titrable groups (methacrylic acid) [45,46] into the copolymer at the hydrophilic end while modifying polymeric micelles for pH-sensitive targeting. Micelles with a phase transition of approximately pH 7.0 are useful for tumor targeting, as solid tumors have pH of approximately 7.0, but for subcellular targeting, micelles that are responsive to pH values ranging from 5.0 to 6.0 (endosomal/lysosomal pH) are beneficial.…”

Section: A 2 -Glycoproteinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymeric micelles as a drug carrier for tumor targeting

Dand¹,

Patel²,

Ayre³

et al. 2013

Chron Young Sci

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Polymeric micelle can be targeted to tumor site by passive and active mechanism. Some inherent properties of polymeric micelle such as size in nanorange, stability in plasma, longevity in vivo, and pathological characteristics of tumor make polymeric micelles to be targeted at the tumor site by passive mechanism called enhanced permeability and retention effect. Polymeric micelle formed from the amphiphilic block copolymer is suitable for encapsulation of poorly water soluble, hydrophobic anticancer drugs. Other characteristics of polymeric micelles such as separated functionality at the outer shell are useful for targeting the anticancer drug to tumor by active mechanisms. Polymeric micelles can be conjugated with many ligands such as antibodies fragments, epidermal growth factors, α 2 -glycoprotein, transferrine, and folate to target micelles to cancer cells. Application of heat and ultrasound are the alternative methods to enhance drug accumulation in tumoral cells. Targeting using micelles can also be done to tumor angiogenesis which is the potentially promising target for anticancer drugs. This review summarizes about recently available information regarding targeting the anticancer drug to the tumor site using polymeric micelles.

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Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly Alpha Amino Acids)

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series

Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series

Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly Alpha Amino Acids). X. Studies with Polymers of D Amino Acids.

Polymeric micelles as a drug carrier for tumor targeting

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Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly Alpha Amino Acids)

Cited by 15 publications

References 17 publications

Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-Niε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-Niε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series

Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-Niε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-Niε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series

Antigenicity of Polypeptides (Poly Alpha Amino Acids). X. Studies with Polymers of D Amino Acids.

Polymeric micelles as a drug carrier for tumor targeting

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Product

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Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series

Synthesis and immunological properties of the oligolysyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine and oligolysylalanylalanylalanyl-N^iε-dinitrophenyllysine peptide series