Antigenic Variation in Vector-Borne Pathogens

Barbour, Alan G.; Restrepo, Blanca I.

doi:10.3201/eid0605.000502

Cited by 156 publications

(127 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Variation of surface appendages also can direct tissue tropism and facilitate adaptation to environmental changes, such as those encountered in the transition between vector and host (5). Another Bartonella persistence strategy is invasion of and residence in the intracellular compartment of nonphagocytic host cells (9,10).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Antigenic and phase variation involve a relatively high frequency change in immunodominant surface proteins during infection through alteration of the amino acid composition or by turning on and off expression of a protein (4). Many bacteria, such as Borrelia, Neisseria, and Campylobacter, use variation mechanisms (5)(6)(7)(8). Virtually all of these antigenic-or phase-variable structures (e.g., adhesins) are virulence factors that are essential for colonization or persistence of the pathogen in the host (8).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Phase and antigenic variation are among the most effective immune evasion strategies exploited by microbial pathogens to maintain persistent host infection (4,5). Antigenic and phase variation involve a relatively high frequency change in immunodominant surface proteins during infection through alteration of the amino acid composition or by turning on and off expression of a protein (4).…”

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confidence: 99%

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A family of variably expressed outer-membrane proteins (Vomp) mediates adhesion and autoaggregation in Bartonella quintana

Zhang

Chomel

Schau

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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confidence: 99%

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A family of variably expressed outer-membrane proteins (Vomp) mediates adhesion and autoaggregation in Bartonella quintana

Zhang

Chomel

Schau

et al. 2004

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

140

202

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“…Variant antigens, however, are used by organisms to evade immunity and are not considered as good vaccine targets to control infection (9). Vast diversity, multiple copies, and clonal antigenic variation are the hallmark of these variant antigens leading to variant specific immune response (10,11). Immunity to variants of PfEMP1 also results from multiple antibodies specific for each variant and not from cross-reactive epitopes (12).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunization of Aotus monkeys with a functional domain of the Plasmodium falciparum variant antigen induces protection against a lethal parasite line

Baruch

Gamain

Barnwell

et al. 2002

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Immunity to Plasmodium falciparum in African children has been correlated with antibodies to the P. falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) variant gene family expressed on the surface of infected red cells. We immunized Aotus monkeys with a subregion of the Malayan Camp variant antigen (MCvar1) that mediates adhesion to the host receptor CD36 on the endothelial surface and present data that PfEMP1 is an important target for vaccine development. The immunization induced a high level of protection against the homologous strain. Protection correlated with the titer of agglutinating antibodies and occurred despite the expression of variant copies of the gene during recurrent waves of parasitemia. A second challenge with a different P. falciparum strain, to which there was no agglutinating activity, showed no protection but boosted the immune response to this region during the infection. The level of protection and the evidence of boosting during infection encourage further exploration of this concept for malaria vaccine development.

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“…One key factor in infection dynamics is antigenic variation, an immune evasion strategy shared by bacteria, viruses and protozoa [1 -5], posing a major impediment to infection control within [6,7] and between hosts [8]. Among protozoan parasites the most prominent examples are Plasmodium falciparum, the malaria parasite, and the African trypanosome, causative agent of human sleeping sickness and livestock disease in Africa.…”

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confidence: 99%

Linking the antigen archive structure to pathogen fitness in African trypanosomes

et al. 2013

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Systems that generate antigenic variation enable pathogens to evade host immune responses and are intricately interwoven with major pathogen traits, such as host choice, growth, virulence and transmission. Although much is understood about antigen switching at the molecular level, little is known about the cross-scale links between these molecular processes and the larger-scale within and between host population dynamics that they must ultimately drive. Inspired by the antigenic variation system of African trypanosomes, we apply modelling approaches to our expanding understanding of the organization and expression of antigen repertoires, and explore links across these scales. We predict how pathogen population processes are determined by underlying molecular genetics and infer resulting selective pressures on important emergent repertoire traits.

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Antigenic Variation in Vector-Borne Pathogens

Cited by 156 publications

References 57 publications

A family of variably expressed outer-membrane proteins (Vomp) mediates adhesion and autoaggregation in Bartonella quintana

A family of variably expressed outer-membrane proteins (Vomp) mediates adhesion and autoaggregation in Bartonella quintana

Immunization of Aotus monkeys with a functional domain of the Plasmodium falciparum variant antigen induces protection against a lethal parasite line

Linking the antigen archive structure to pathogen fitness in African trypanosomes

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